H  F 

5  5^3 

1918 

DOCUMENTS 
DEPT. 

UC-NRLF 

II 

iilllliil     ill 

ilililliill 

d 

■  B    175 

T13 

Employment  Managers  and  Interviewei 


Shipyard   Occupations 


SPKCFAl,     BUL[,ETIN 


bi'A^LLo    U. 


EMPLOYMENT  MANAGEMENT 

IN  THE  SHIPYARD 


EMPLOYMENT  MANAGEMENT  BRANC 
INDUSTRIAT,    SERVICE    SECTIO 


UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION 


http://www.archive.org/details/aidstoemploymentOOunitrich 


Aids  to  ;       ; ;    ;  : 

Employment  Managers  and  Intervie\vers 


ON 


Shipyard  Occupations 

WITH 
DESCRIPTION  OF  SUCH  OCCUPATIONS 


SPECIAL    BULLETIN 


SERIES  ON 

EMPLOYMENT  MANAGEMENT 

IN  THE  SHIPYARD 


EMPLOYMENT  MANAGEMENT  BRANCH 
INDUSTRIAL  SERVICE  SECTION 
INDUSTRIAL    RELATIONS    GROUP 

UNITED  STATES  SHIPPING  BOARD  EMERGENCY  FLEET  CORPORATION 

PHILADELPHIA 

1918 


•  ••     •• 


It  is  more  economical  and  more  expedi- 
ent to  spend  five  or  even  ten  minutes  in 
properly  placing  the  new  worker  than 
it  is  to  spend  two  hours  or  sometimes 
two  days  in  trying  to  replace  him. 


oocumenh 

OEPT. 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 

Introduction     5 

Index  to  Shipyard  Occupations 7 

Index  to  Allied  Occupations 11 

Analysis  of  Shipyard  Occupations 27 

Glossary    of    Terms    Used    in    Description    of 

Occupations 143 


ivi262688 


INTRODUCTION 


This  hand-book  on  shipyard  occupations,  with  descrip- 
tion of  such  occupations  and  suggestions  for  employment 
managers  and  interviewers,  has  been  prepared  to  aid 
employment  managers  and  interviewers  in  selecting  workers 
and  in  adjusting  them  to  their  jobs.  It  is  expected,  also, 
that  this  book  will  be  used  by  foremen  in  making  requisi- 
tions for  help. 

All  the  fundamental  trades  and  occupations  are  listed, 
with  the  most  commonly  accepted  names  used  as  a  standard. 
Names  and  methods  peculiar  to  certain  localities  have  not 
been  mentioned. 

These  specifications  describe  the  occupation  from  the 
shipyard  standpoint.  It  is  not  expected  that  each  applicant 
will  possess  all  the  stated  qualifications,  but  the  data  given 
will  enable  the  interviewer  to  base  his  judgment  more  spe- 
cifically on  exact  requirements. 

It  is  hoped  that  this  hand-book  will  be  used  by  all  ship- 
yards, in  order  that  occupational  names  may  be  standard- 
ized and  a  uniform  basis  for  the  selection  of  shipyard 
workers  be  established  in  employment  procedure. 

The  statements  as  to  entrance  requirements  for  train- 
ing school  and  physical  qualifications  are  tentative,  as  the 
standards  of  requirements  will  vary  in  different  yards. 

A  supplement  will  be  issued  covering  the  shipyard  occu- 
pations in  which  handicapped  persons  of  various  types  can 
be  employed. 


Philadelphia, 
July,  ipi8. 


INDEX  TO  SHIPYARD  OCCUPATIONS 


Supcrz'isors 


PAGE 

•   27 


Acetylene  Cutter   (see  Cutter, 

p.  54) 
Acetylene  Welder  (see  Welder, 

P-  139) 

Anglesmith 28 

Annealer  (see  Furnaceman,  p. 

73) 

Asbestos  Worker  (see  Pipe 
Coverer,  p.  104) 

Back  Hander  (see  Back  Hand- 
ler, p.  29) 

Back  Handler   29 

Beedler  (see  Reamer,  Wood,  p. 

113) 
Bending  Roller  (see  Roller,  p. 

119) 

Bitumastic   Painter    30 

Blacksmith  31 

Boat  Builder  (Steel)   32 

Boat  Builder  (Wood)   33 

Boat    Carpenter     (see    Boat 

Builder,  Wood,  p.  33) 

Boiler    Inspector    34 

Boiler  Layout  Man 35 

Boilermaker 36 

Boilermaker   Foreman    37 

Bolter-up    38 

Bolter   (see  Bolter-up,  p.  38) 

Boltmaker 39 

Bucker-up    (see  Holder-on,  p. 

82) 

Buffer  and  Polisher 40 

Bulldozer  Operator   41 

Bull  Riveter  Operator 42 

Calker  (Metal)     43 

Calker  (Wood)    44 

Canvas  Worker  (see  Sail 
Maker,  p.  120) 

Cementer    45 

Cement  Finisher  (see  Cement- 
er, p.  45) 


PAGE 

Cement  Layer  (see  Cementer, 
p.  45) 

Chief  Engineer  (see  Power 
House  Engineer,  p.  no) 

Chipper  (Foundry)   46 

Chipper  (Metal) 47 

Chipper  and  Calker  (see  Chip- 
per, Metal,  p.  47,  and  Calker, 
Metal,  p.  43) 

Chipper  and  Grinder  (see  Chip- 
per, Foundry,  p.  46) 

Coating  Applier  (see  Bitumas- 
tic Painter,  p.  30) 

Cold  Press  Operator  (see  Bull- 
dozer Operator,  p.  41) 

Cold  Sawyer   (see  Sawyer,  p. 

121) 

Coppersmith 48 

Copyist    49 

Coremaker   50 

Coremaker's  Helper  (see  Loam 
Mixer,  p.  87) 

Countersinker    51 

Crane  Operator 52 

Craneman  (see  Rigger,  p.  114) 

Cupola  Tender   53 

Cutter  (Oxy-acetylene)    54 

Deck  Layer  (see  Cementer,  p. 

45) 

Developer    (see    Mold    Lofts- 
man,  p.  95) 
Diemaker    (see    Diesinker,    p. 
56) 

Diesetter 55 

Diesinker    56 

Draftsman     (Boat)      (see     . 

Draftsman,  Hull,  p.  58) 
Draftsman,    (Engine)    (see 
Draftsman,    Engineering,    p. 

57) 

Draftsman  (Engineering)   ...     57 

Draftsman  (Hull)   58 

7 


PAGE 

Draftsman     (Ship)      (see 

Draftsman,  Hull,  p.  58) 

Driller 59 

Driller  and  Reamer  (see 

Driller,  p.  59) 
Driller  and  Tapper(see  Driller, 

P-  59) 

Drill  Press  Operator 60 

Electrician  (Ship) 61 

Electroplater   62 

Engineer  (Locomotive)    63 

Engineer  (Marine)    64 

Engineer  (Power  House)  (see 

Power   House   Engineer,   p. 

no) 

Engineer  (Stationary)    65 

Erector  (Ship)   66 

Erecting     Machinist     ( see 

Marine  Erector,  p.  92) 

Fireman  (Locomotive)   67 

Fireman  (Stationary)   68 

Fitter-up     (see     Shipfitter,    p. 

126) 

Flange  Turner 69 

Flanger    (see   Flange   Turner, 

p.  69) 
Foreman   (see  Supervisors,  p. 

27) 

Forger  (Drop)     70 

Forger    (Liner)     (see    Black- 
smith, p-  31) 
Forging  Machine  Operator 

(see  Forger,  p.  70) 

Foundry  Foreman   71 

Frame  Bender 72 

Furnaceman 73 

Galvanizer    74 

Gang   Boss    (see   Supervisors, 

p.  27) 

Gear  Cutter 75 

Glass   Setter    (see   Glazier,   p. 

76) 

Glazier    76 

Grinder 77 

Hammerman    78 

Hammer   Runner    (see   Ham- 
merman, p.  78) 

Hammersmith   79 

Handyman 80 

8 


PAGE 

Hardwood  Finisher  (see  Var- 
nisher,  p.  135) 

Heater  (Rivet)   81 

Heat  Treater  (see  Furnace- 
man,  p.  73) 

Heavy  Forger  (see  Hammer- 
smith, p.  79) 

Hoist  Operator  (see  Crane 
Operator,  p.  52) 

Holder-on 82 

Hydraulic  Riveter  (see  Bull 
Riveter  Operator,  p.  42) 

Joggling  Machine  Operator 
(see  Bulldozer  Operator,  p. 

41) 

Joiner    83 

Laborer     84 

Labor  Foreman 85 

Lagging    Applier     (see    Pipe 

Coverer,  p.  104) 

Lead  Burner  86 

Lead  Calker   (see  Plumber,  p. 

109) 
Leading  Man  (see  Supervisors, 

27) 
Linesman  (see  Mold  Loftsman, 

p.  95) 

Loam  Mixer 87 

Lubricator  (see  Oiler,  p.  97) 

Machinist  (General)   88 

Machinist  (Classified) 89 

Machinist  (Classified,  cont'd)  .     90 

Mangle  Roller 91 

Marine   Architect    (see   Naval 

Architect,  p.  96) 

Marine  Erector    92 

Metal  Finisher  (see  Buffer  and 

Polisher,  p.  40,  and  Grinder, 

p.  77) 
Millwright  (General)    93 

Molder    94 

Molder's    Helper    (see    Loam 

Mixer,  p.  87) 

Mold  Loftsman 95 

Naval  Architect   96 

Offsetting    Machine    Operator 

(see  Bulldozer  Operator,  p. 

41) 


PAGE 

Oiler   97 

Oxy-acetylene      Burner      (see 
Cutter,  p.  54,  and  Welder,  p. 

139) 
Oxy-acetylene    Operator     (see 

Cutter,  p.   54) 
Paint  Mill  Worker  (see  Paint 

Mixer,  p.  98) 

Paint  Mixer 98 

Painter  (General)    99 

Passer    Boy    (see    Passer,    p. 

100) 

Passer   100 

Patternmaker   (Metal)    loi 

Patternmaker  (Wood)    102 

Pickler    103 

Pipe  Coverer 104 

Pipefitter 105 

Planer  Operator 106 

Planker  (Wooden  Ships)    ...   107 

Plate  Hanger   108 

Plater    (see    Electroplater,    p. 

62) 

Plumber    109 

Polisher  (see  Electroplater,  p. 

62) 

Power  House  Engineer  no 

Pumper  (see  Water  Tender,  p. 

136) 

Punch  Man  (see  Punch  Press 
Operator,  p.  in) 

Punch  Press  Operator in 

Quarterman  (see  Supervisors, 

p.  27) 

Reamer  (Metal)   112 

Reamer  (Wood)  113 

Regulator   (see  Plate  Hanger, 

p.  108) 

Rigger  (Crane)    114 

Rigger  (Ship)  115 

Riveter      (Bull)       (see      Bull 

Riveter  Operator,  p.  42) 

Riveter  (Hand)    116 

Riveter  (Pneumatic)  117 

Rivet  Forger  (see  Rivetmaker, 

p.  118) 


PAGE 

Rivet  Heater   (see  Heater,  p. 

81) 

Rivet  Maker  118 

Roller    119 

Sail  Maker    120 

Sawyer    (Metal)    121 

Scarfing  Machine  Operator  . .   122 

Shearman 123 

Sheet  Metal  Worker 124 

Ship  Carpenter 125 

Shipfitter 126 

Shipsmith  (see  Frame  Bender, 
p.  72,  and  Blacksmith,  p.  31) 
Shipwright  (see  Ship  Carpen- 
ter, p.  125) 

Sparmaker   127 

Squarer  (Wooden  Ships) 128 

Stage  Builder   129 

Steamfitter    (see   Pipefitter,   p. 

105) 
Stockkeeper  (see  Storekeeper, 

p.  130) 
Stoker  (see  Fireman,  Locomo- 
tive, p.  67) 

Storekeeper   130 

Strapper  (Wooden  Ships)  ...   131 

Tank  Tester 132 

Tinsmith     (see     Sheet    Metal 

Worker,  p.  124) 
Tool  Dresser   (see  Toolsmith, 

p.  134) 

Toolmaker    133 

Toolsmith 134 

Tracer  (see  Copyist,  p.  49) 
Trunnel  Borer  (see  Planker,  p. 

107) 
Varnisher  (Wood  and  Metal)   135 

Water  Tender 136 

Welder  (Electric  Arc)  137 

Welder  (Electric  Spot)   138 

Welder  (Oxy-acetylene)    139 

Wood  Polisher  (see  Varnisher, 

p.  135) 

Wood  Working  Machine  Oper- 
ator       140 

Yard  Master  141 


INDEX  TO  ALLIED  OCCUPATIONS 


This  is  a  cross-index  designed  to  indicate  to  interviewers  the  allied  occu- 
pations from  which  workers  may  be  drawn  for  shipyard  work,  and  the  ship- 
yard occupations  for  which  they  should  be  best  fitted  on  the  basis  of  their 
previous  experience. 

For  example,  an  interviewer  desiring  to  hire  "Anglesmiths"  and  having 
none  applying,  can  readily  see  at  a  glance  that  he  may  consider  "Architectural 
Iron  Workers,"  "Blacksmiths,"  etc.,  as  the  index  indicates,  as  material  from 
which  it  may  be  possible  to  draw. 

The  numbers  indicate  the  pages  where  the  various  trades  appear. 


Occupation 

Acid  Plant  Worker 


Page  Allied  Occupations  Page 

103       Galvanizer 74 

Pickler  103 


Airplane  Body  Builder   32 

Aluminum  Finisher    62 

Anglesmith    28 


Anglesmith's   Helper    29 

Annealer   7i 

Apprentice  Draftsman   49 

Architectural  Iron  Worker   28 

Asbestos  Worker 104 

Ashpit  Man   68 

Assembler    90 


Automobile  Body  Builder 


Z2 


Automobile  Electrician    61 

Automobile  Painter    99 

Awning   Maker    120 

Back-Handler 29 


Back-Hander     29 

Bench  Hand 90 

Beedler    113 

Bending  Roller    119 


Bitumastic  Painter 


30 


Boat   Builder    (Steel)    32 

Electroplater     62 

Architectural  Iron  Worker    28 

Blacksmith    31 

Flange  Turner 69 

Frame  Bender 72 

Furnaceman    73 

Toolsmith    134 

Back-Handler 29 

Furnaceman    7i 

Copyist 49 

Anglesmith    28 

Pipe  Coverer   104 

Fireman    (Stationary)    68 

Machinist    90 

Boat  Builder  (Steel)    32 

Boat   Builder    (Wood)    33 

Electrician    (Ship)    61 

Painter    (General)    99 

Sailmaker    120 

Anglesmith's   Helper    29 

Back-Hander     29 

Blacksmith's   Helper    29 

Forge   Shop  Helper   29 

Helper    29 

Back-Handler 29 

Machinist    90 

Reamer   (Wood)    113 

Roller 119 

Cementer     45 

Coating  Applier 30 

Rough  Painter 30 

Slag  Roofer   30 

Tar   Roofer    30 


11 


Occupation 

Blacksmith    . . . . 


Blacksmith's  Helper 


Blue  Printer 

Boat   Builder    (Steel) 


Boat  Builder  (Wood) 


Boat  Carpenter 
Boat  Draftsman 
Boiler  Inspector 


Boiler  Layout  Man 
Boilermaker    


Boilermaker   Foreman 
Boilermaker's   Helper 


Bolter 
12 


Page  Allied  Occupations  Pagre 

31  Anglesmith    28 

Cutter   (Oxy-acetylene)    54 

Forger    (Drop)    70 

Forger   (Liner)    31 

Frame  Bender   72 

Hammersmith     79 

Horseshoer    31 

Shipsmith     31 

Toolsmith    134 

29       Back-Handler  29 

Boltmaker   39 

Hammerman     78 

Holder-on    82 

Rivetmaker 118 

49        Copyist     49 

32  Airplane  Body  Builder   32 

Automobile  Body  Builder 32 

Hydroplane  Body  Builder   32 

Sheet  Metal  Worker   124 

Steel   Car   Builder    32 

33  Automobile   Body   Builder    33 

Boat  Carpenter    33 

Cabinetmaker    33 

Carpenter    33 

Joiner     83 

Patternmaker   102 

Ship  Carpenter    125 

Wood  Car  Builder   33 

33  Boat  Builder  (Wood)    33 

58        Draftsman    (Hull)    58 

34  Boiler  Layout  Man   35 

Boilermaker   Foreman    37 

Boilermaker    36 

Tank    Tester    132 

35  Boiler   Inspector    34 

Boilermaker 36 

36  Boiler  Inspector   35 

Bull  Riveter  Operator 42 

Cutter   (Oxy-acetylene)    54 

Flange  Turner 69 

Riveter    (Pneumatic)    117 

Tank  Builder   36 

Tank  Tester 132 

37  Boiler  Inspector 34 

Tank  Builder  Foreman   37 

38  Bolter-up   38 

Chipper    (Metal)     47 

Drill    Press    Operator    60 

Holder-on 82 

Passer    100 

Reamer   (Metal)    112 

38        Bolter-up 38 


Occupation  Pase 

Bolter-up  38 

Boltmaker   (Machine  Operator)    39 

Boring  Mill  Operator   60 

Brass  Worker    90 

Bridge  Builder   125 

Bridge   Carpenter   107 

Browning  Hoist  Operator 52 

Bucker-up   82 

Buffer  and   Polisher    40 

Bulldozer   Operator    41 

Bull   Riveter   Operator    42 

Burner   (Oxy-acetylene)    54 

Cabinetmaker   33 

Calker   (Metal)    43 

Calker  (Wood) 44 

Canvas  Worker 120 

Carpenter    33 


Allied  Occupations  Pagre 

Boilermaker's   Helper    38 

Bolter     38 

Machinist's  Helper   38 

Plate    Hanger    108 

Regulator    38 

Blacksmith's  Helper 39 

Rivetmaker   118 

Toolsmith's  Helper 39 

Drill  Press  Operator  60 

Machinist    90 

Ship  Carpenter 125 

Squarer   (Wooden   Ship)    128 

Stage  Builder 129 

Strapper    131 

Planker  (Wooden  Ship)   107 

Crane  Operator  52 

Holder-on    82 

Grinder    11 

Lathe  Hand    90 

Machinist's  Helper   40 

Metal  Finisher 40 

Cold  Press  Operator 41 

Joggling  Machine  Operator 41 

Machine  Operator   (Fabricating  Shop)  41 

Offsetting  Machine  Operator 41 

Boilermaker    36 

Hydraulic   Riveter    42 

Hydraulic  Press  Operator 42 

Punch  Press  Operator Ill 

Riveter 117 

Cutter  Oxy-acetylene)    54 

Welder    (Oxy-acetylene)    139 

Boat  Builder  (Wood)    33 

Joiner    83 

Patternmaker    102 

Woodworking  Machine  Operator   ....  140 

Chipper    47 

Chipper  and  Calker   47 

Ship   Carpenter's  Helper    44 

Reamer   (Wood)    113 

Sailmaker    120 

Boat  Builder   (Wood)    33 

Bridge   Builder    131 

Farm   Carpenter    128 

Glazier 76 

House    Carpenter    125 

Joiner 83 

Millwright  (General)    93 

Planker  (Wooden  Ship)   107 

Rough  Carpenter •  113 

Ship   Carpenter    125 

Squarer  (Wooden  Ship)   128 

Stage   Builder    129 

Strapper    131 

Woodworking  Machine  Operator  ....  140 

13 


Occupation  Page 

Carpenter's  Helper 113 

Cement    Finisher    45 

Cement  Layer   , 45 

Cementer 45 


Cement  Worker    104 

Chipper    (Foundry)    46 

Chipper  (Metal)    47 

Chipper  and  Calker   47 

Chipper  and  Grinder 46 

Coating    Applier    30 

Cold  Press  Operator 41 

Cold   Sawyer    121 

Concrete  Worker    45 

Coppersmith    48 

Copyist ,     49 

Coremaker 50 

Coremaker's  Helper    87 

Countersinker     51 

Craneman    114 

Crane  Operator  52 


Crane  Rigger  66 

Cupola   Tender    53 


14 


Allied  Occupations  Page 

Reamer    (Wood)    113 

Cementer 45 

Cementer 45 

Bitumastic  Painter    30 

Cement  Finisher    45 

Cement  Layer    45 

Concrete  Worker    45 

Deck  Layer 45 

Lagging  Applier 45 

Mason    45 

Plasterer    45 

Rough    Painter    45 

Pipe   Coverer    104 

Chipper  and  Grinder    46 

Chipper  and  Calker 47 

Chipper   (Metal)    47 

Boilermaker's  Helper 47 

Chipper  and  Calker    46 

Foundry   Chipper    46 

Machinist's    Helper    47 

Metal  Calker    47 

Calker   (Metal)    43 

Chipper   (Metal)    47 

Chipper    (Foundry)    46 

Tank  Tester   132 

Chipper  (Foundry)    46 

Bitumastic  Painter    30 

Bulldozer    Operator    41 

Sawyer   (Metal)    121 

Cementer     45 

Sheet  Metal  Worker 124 

Tinsmith    48 

Apprentice  Draftsman   49 

Blue    Printer    49 

Tracer    49 

Foundry  Helper    50 

Molder 94 

Loam  Mixer 87 

Driller    59 

Machinist's  Helper   51 

Reamer    112 

Rigger  (Crane)    114 

Browning  Hoist  Operator 52 

Derrick  Operator 52 

Hoist   Operator    52 

Portable  Engineman   52 

Rigging  Crane  Operator   52 

Stationary  Engineer 65 

Steam  Shovel  Operator  52 

Erector    (Ship)    66 

Furnace   Tender    53 

Puddler    5S 

Smelter    Furnace    Operator    53 


Occupation 

Cutter    (Oxy-acetylene> 


.        54 


Deck  Layer 45 

Derrick  Operator    52 

Developer    95 

Diemaker 56 

Diesetter   55 

Diesinker     56 


Dock    Builder    12; 


Draftsman  (Engineering) 


Draftsman    (Hull) 


Driller 


57 


58 


59 


Driller  and  Reamer   59 

Driller  and  Tapper 59 

Drillmaker    56 

Drill  Press  Operator 60 


Dye  Plant  Worker   98 

Electrician  (Ship)   ' 61 


Electrical   Repair   Man    61 

Electrical  Wire  Man    61 


Allied  Occiipntlona  Pukc 

Blacksmith    31 

Boilermaker    36 

Electric  Welder   137,  138 

Oxy-acetylene   Burner    54 

Oxy-acetylene    Oper<ator    54 

Oxy-acetylene  Welder   139 

Cementer 45 

Crane  Operator   52 

Mold   Loftsman   95 

Diesinker 56 

Machinist    88 

Toolmaker   133 

Diemaker     56 

Drillmaker    56 

Engraver 56 

Machinist,  Expert   88 

Tapmaker    56 

Toolmaker 133 

Flanker  (Wooden  Ship)    107 

Ship   Carpenter    125 

Squarer  (Wooden  Ship)    128 

Stage  Builder 129 

Strapper    131 

Engine  Draftsman 57 

Engineer    (Marine)    64 

Mechanical    Draftsman    57 

Boat  Draftsman 58 

Naval   Architect    96 

Ship  Draftsman  58 

Structural  Draftsman 58 

Countersinker     51 

Driller  and  Reamer   59 

Driller  and  Tapper 59 

Drill  Press  Operator    60 

Machinist's    Helper    59 

Reamer    (Metal)    112 

Driller    59 

Driller    .' 59 

Diesinker     56 

Boilermaker's  Helper   60 

Boring  Mill  Operator    60 

Driller    59 

Machine  Driller 60 

Machinist    (Operator) 88 

Machinist's  Helper    60 

Reamer   (Metal)    112 

Paint  Mixer  98 

Automobile  Electrician    61 

Electrical  Repair  Man 61 

Electrical  Wire  Man    61 

Power  Plant  Electrician   61 

Telephone  Repair  Man 61 

Electrian   (Ship)    61 

Electrian  (Ship)    61 

15 


Occupation 

Electroplater  • . . 


Page 

.       62 


Engine   Draftsman    57 

Engine  Watcher    67 

Engine  Watchman    136 

Engineer   (Chief)    110 

Engineer  (Locomotive)    63 

Engineer    (Marine)    64 

Engineer  (Mechanical)    64 

Engineer    (Plant)    110 

Engineer  (Power  House)    110 

Engineer  (Stationary)    65 

Engraver  56 

Erecting    Machinist    92 

Erector    (Bridge)    114 

Erector    (Ship)    66 

Factory  Millwright   93 

Factory  Oiler 97 

Farm    Carpenter    107 

Fire  Cleaner  (Locomotive)   67 

Fireman 68 

Fireman    (Locomotive)    67 


Allied  Occupations  Page 

Aluminum   Finisher    62 

Galvanizer 74 

Pickler 103 

Plateware  Manufacturer 62 

Plater     62 

Plater  and  Polisher 62 

Plating  Shop  Worker 62 

Polisher   62 

Tinware   Finisher    62 

Draftsman    (Engineering)     57 

Fireman    (Locomotive)    67 

Water  Tender    136 

Power  House  Engineer 110 

Engineer  (Stationary)    65 

Fireman    (Locomotive)    67 

Hostler    (Locomotive)    63 

Power  House  Engineer   110 

Draftsman    (Engineering)     57 

Mechanical  Engineer   64 

Naval  Architect 96 

Engineer    (Marine)     64 

Naval  Architect 96 

Power  House  Engineer   110 

See  Power  House  Engineer 

Crane  Operator   52 

Engineer  (Locomotive)    63 

Fireman     67,  68 

Portable  Engine  Operator 65 

Power  House  Engineer 110 

Diesinker 56 

Marine  Erector   92 

Rigger   (Crane)    114 

Rigger   (Crane)    114 

Shipfitter   126 

Structural  Steel  Erector   66 

Millwright    (General)     93 

Oiler 97 

Flanker  (Wooden  Ship)    107 

Squarer    (Wooden    Ship)    128 

Stage  Builder 129 

Strapper    131 

Fireman  (Locomotive)   67 

Fireman    (Stationary)    68 

Engine    Watcher    (Locomotive)    67 

Engineer  (Locomotive)    63 

Engineer  (Stationary)    65 

Fire   Cleaner    (Locomotive)    67 

Fireman    (Stationary)    68 

Hostler   (Locomotive)    67 

Stoker    67 

Water  Tender 136 


16 


Occupation  Pnffe 

Fireman   (Stationary)    68 

Fitter   90 

Fitter-up    126 

Flange  Turner 69 

Flanger    69 

Floor  Hand    90 

Forge  Shop  Helper 78 

Forger  (Drop)  70 

Forger   (Liner)    31 

Forging  Machine  Operator    70 

Foundry    Foreman     71 

Foundry  Helper    50 

Foundry   Worker    94 

Frame  Bender   72 

Furnaceman    73 


Furnace  Tender 53 

Furnituremaker  83 

Galvanizer     74 

Gasfitter     105 

Gear  Cutter    75 


Allied  Occupations  PaKC 

Ashpit   Man    i 68 

Engineer    (Stationary)    65 

Fireman 68 

Fireman   (Locomotive)    67 

Stoker    68 

Water  Tender    136 

Machinist    90 

Plate-Hanger    108 

Shipfitter     126 

Anglesmith    28 

Boilermaker    36 

Flanger    69 

Frame  Bender   72 

Flange  Turner 69 

Machinist    90 

Back-Handler   29 

Hammerman     78 

Blacksmith    31 

Forging   Machine   Operator    70 

Hammersmith 79 

Blacksmith    31 

Forger    (Drop)    70 

Shearman    123 

Molder 94 

Patternmaker  Foreman   71 

Coremaker     50 

Molder 94 

Anglesmith    28 

Blacksmith    31 

Flange    Turner    69 

Furnaceman    73 

Shipsmith    72 

Anglesmith    28 

Annealer   73 

Frame  Bender   72 

Furnace  Tender 73 

Heat  Treater   73 

Heating  Furnace  Tender   73 

Malleable   Iron  Furnaceman    73 

Steel   Furnaceman    73 

Cupola  Tender 53 

Furnaceman    73 

Joiner     83 

Electroplater 62 

Pickler   103 

Plating  Shopworker    74 

Polisher   74 

Pipefitter     105 

Plumber 109 

Milling  Machine  Operator   90 

Shaper    Operator    90 

Slotter  Operator   90 

Toolmaker     133 

Toolroom  Machinist 90 

17 


Occupation  Page 

Glass  Setter   76 

Glazier 76 

Grinder    11 

Grinding  Machine   Operator    17 

Hammerman   78 

Hammer  Runner 78 

Hammersmith 79 

Handyman     80 

Hardwood   Finisher    135 

Heat  Treater   IZ 

Heater    81 

Heater    (Rivet)    81 

Heating  Furnace  Tender    73 

Heavy  Forger    79 

Helper   • 29 

Holder-on    82 

Hoist   Operator    52 

Horseshoer    31 

Hostler    (Locomotive)    63 

House  Carpenter 125 

House  Painter   99 

Hydraulic  Press  Operator    42 

Hydraulic  Riveter 42 

Hydroplane   Bo(1y  Builder    32 

Joggling  Machine  Operator    , 41 

18 


Allied  Occupations  Page 

Glazier Id 

Carpenter 76 

Glass  Setter   76 

Painter     99 

Buffer  and  Polisher   40 

Grinding  Machine   Operator    11 

Machinist's  Helper 11 

Metal  Finisher 11 

Plater 62 

Toolmaker 133 

Grinder    11 

Blacksmith's  Helper 78 

Forge  Shop  Helper   78 

Hammer  Runner 78 

Hammerman  78 

Blacksmith     31 

Forger    (Drop)    70 

Heavy  Forger    79 

Machinist's  Helper   80 

Oiler 97 

Varnisher   (Wood  and  Metal)    135 

Furnaceman , IZ 

Heater   (Rivet)    81 

Heater    81 

Passer    100 

Furnaceman    IZ 

Hammersmith     79 

Back-Handler   29 

Blacksmith's  Helper   82 

Boilermaker's  Helper 82 

Bucker-up    82 

^Passer    100 

Plate-Hanger    108 

Tankmaker's  Helper 82 

Crane    Operator    52 

Blacksmith    31 

Engineer  (Locomotive)    63 

Fireman  (Locomotive)   67 

Water  Tender   136 

Ship   Carpenter    125 

Painter  (General)    99 

Bull    Riveter   Operator    42 

Punch  Press  Operator Ill 

Bull   Riveter   Operator    42 

Boat   Builder    (Steel)    32 

Bulldozer   Operator    41 


Occupation 

Joiner    


Page 

.       83 


Labor  Foreman 


Laborer 84 

Lagging  Applier    45 

Lathe  Hand   90 

Lead  Burner 86 

Lead  Calker 109 

Lead  Pipe  Worker  86 

Linesman     95 

Loam  Mixer 87 

Locomotive   Engineer 63 

Locomotive  Fireman 61 

Locomotive    Machinist    90 

Lubricator     97 

Machine  Driller   60 

Machine   Hand    90 

Machine  Operator 

(Fabricating   Shop)    41 


Machinist    (General   and   Classified) . .  88-90 


Allied  OccupntlonN  Pagre 

Boatbuilder    (Wocd)    33 

Cabinetmaker  83 

Carpenter    83 

Furnituremaker   83 

Mold  Loftsman   95 

Patternmaker    (Wood)     '102 

Woodworking  Machine  Operator   ....  140 

Outside  Foreman    85 

Roustabout  Boss   85 

Section   Foreman    85 

Stevedore  Foreman    85 

Yard    Foreman    85 

Loam  Mixer 87 

Passer    100 

Cementer 45 

Pipe  Coverer   104 

Buffer  and  Polisher   40 

Toolmaker     133 

Lead   Pipe   Worker    86 

Plumber 109 

Sheet  Lead  Worker  86 

Solderer     86 

Plumber 109 

Lead   Burner    86 

Mold  Loftsman 95 

Coremaker's  Helper   87 

Laborer    84 

Molder's  Helper   87 

See  Engineer  (Locomotive) 
See  Fireman  (Locomotive) 

Machinist    90 

Oiler "il 

Drill  Press  Operator   60 

Machinist    90 

Bulldozer  Operator 41 

Roller 119 

Sawyer    (Metal)    121 

Scarfing  Machine  Operator    122 

Assembler    ' 90 

Bench  Hand 90 

Brass  Worker   90 

Diesetter    55 

Diesinker     56 

Drill  Press  Operator   60 

Fitter   90 

Floor  Hand    90 

Locomotive   Machinist    90 

Machine  Hand 90 

Marine  Erector   92 

Millwright  (General)    93 

Planer  Operator    106 

Power  House   Engineer    110 

Toolmaker 133 

19 


Occupation 

Machinist's  Helper 


Page 

.       38 


Malleable  Iron  Furnaceman 7Z 

Mangle  Roller   91 

Marine   Architect    96 

Marine  Designer  96 

Marine  Engineer 64 

Marine    Erector    92 

Mason    45 

Material   Checker    130 

Mechanical   Draftsman    57 

Mechanical    Engineer    64 

Metal  Calker   47 

Metal     Finisher     40 

Milling  Machine  Hand   90 

Millwright  (General)   93 

Millwright's  Helper   97 

Mold  Loftsman   95 


Molder 94 

Molder's  Helper 87 

Naval   Architect    96 

Offsetting  Machine  Operator 41 

Oiler 97 


Allied  Occupations  Page 

Bolter-up   38 

Buffer  and  Polisher   40 

Chipper    (Metal)     47 

Countersinker     51 

Driller    59 

Drill    Press    Operator    60 

Grinder    77 

Handyman     80 

Oiler     97 

Reamer    (Metal)    112 

Furnaceman    7Z 

Roller     119 

Naval    Architect    96 

Naval   Architect 96 

See    Engineer    (Marine) 

Erecting    Machinist    92 

Machinist 88 

Outside    Machinist    92 

Shipfitter   126 

Cementer 45 

Storekeeper     130 

Draftsman    (Engineering)     57 

See   Engineer    (Mechanical) 
See    Calker    (Metal) 

Buffer   and    Polisher    40 

Grinder    77 

Gear  Cutter    75 

Toolmaker 133 

Carpenter    93 

Factory    Millwright    93 

Machinist     88 

Oiler     97 

Developer    95 

Linesman 95 

Patternmaker    101,  102 

Ship   Carpenter    , 125 

Shipfitter   126 

Ship   Joiner    83 

Coremaker     50 

Foundry  Foreman 71 

Foundry^  Worker    94 

Laborer    84 

Loam  Mixer  87 

Draftsman    (Hull)    58 

Engineer    (Marine)    64 

Engineer   (Mechanical)    96 

Marine   Architect    96 

Marine  Designer 96 

Bulldozer   Operator    41 

Factory  Oiler 93 

Handyman     80 

Lubricator   97 

Machinist's  Helper   97 

Millwright's    Helper     97 

Wiper 97 


20 


Occupation  Pngre 

Outside   Foreman    85 

Outside  Machinist    92 

Oxy-acetylene  Burner   54 

Oxy-acetylene  Operator 54 

Paint  Mill  Worker 98 

Paint  Mixer 98 

Painter    (General)    99 


Passer 


100 


Passer   Boy    100 

Patternmaker    Foreman    71 

Patternmaker  (Metal)   101 

Patternmaker  (Wood)   102 


Pickler  103 


Pipe  Coverer 


104 


Pipefitter   105 

Planer    106 

Planer  Operator    106 

Planing  Mill  Worker 140 

Flanker  (Wooden  Ship)    107 


Allied  Occupatlonn  Pagre 

Labor  Foreman   85 

Marine    Erector    92 

See  Burner   (Oxy-acetylene) 

Cutter    (Oxy-acetylene)     54 

Paint  Mixer  98 

Dye   Plant  Worker    98 

Painter     99 

Paint   Mill   Worker    98 

Automobile   Painter    99 

Glazier   76 

House    Painter    99 

Paint  Mixer   98 

Sign   Painter    99 

Varnisher    135 

Wagon  Painter    99 

Boilermaker's  Helper 100 

Heater    (Rivet)    81 

Holder-on    82 

Laborer    84 

Passer  Boy  100 

Riveter 117 

Passer    100 

Foundry  Foreman 71 

Mold  Loftsman   95 

Patternmaker    (Wood)    102  . 

Boat   Builder    (Wood)    33 

Cabinetmaker   102 

Joiner     83 

Mold    Loftsman     95 

Patternmaker    (Metal)     101 

Wood  Carver  102 

Acid  Plant  Worker   103 

Electroplater     62 

Galvanizer     74 

Asbestos   Worker    104 

Cement  Worker 45 

Lagging  Applier    104 

Plasterer    104 

Stucco  Worker    104 

Gasfitter     105 

Plumber     109 

Steamfitter    105 

Planer    Operator     106 

Machinist    (General)    88 

Planer 106 

Shaper  Hand   90 

Slotter  Hand   90 

Woodworking  Machine  Operator    ....  140 

Bridge   Carpenter    107 

Carpenter    107 

Farm    Carpenter    107 

Trunnel  Borer 107 

Wooden   Dock   Builder    107 

21 


Occupation  Page 

Plasterer    45 

Plate  Hanger   108 

Plate   Ware    Manufacturer    62 

Plater     62 

Plater  and  Polisher   62 

Plating   Shop  Worker    62 

Plumber 109 

Polisher     62 

Portable  Engine  Operator    52 

Power  House  Engineer   110 


Power  Plant  Electrician    61 

Press  Operator 123 

Puddler    53 

Pumper    136 

Punch  Operator 123 

Punch    Press   Operator    Ill 

Punchman     Ill 

Railroad   Brakeman    141 

Railroad   Conductor   141 

Railroad    Switchman    141 

Railroad  Yardmaster    141 

Reamer    (Metal)    112 

Reamer    (Wood)     113 

Regulator 108 

22 


Allied  Occupations  Page 

Cementer 45 

Pipe  Coverer   104 

Bolter-up    38 

Fitter    90 

Holder-on    82 

Regulator    108 

Electroplater     62 

Electroplater     62 

Grinder    11 

Electroplater     62 

Electroplater     62 

Galvanizer     74 

Gasfitter     109 

Lead  Burner 86 

Lead  Calker   109 

Pipefitter    105 

Steamfitter    109 

Electroplater     62 

Galvanizer     74 

Crane  Operator   52 

Engineer    (Stationary)     65 

Engineer  (Chief)    110 

Engineer    (Locomotive)     63 

Engineer   (Plant)     110 

Engineer    (Stationary)     65 

Machinist     88 

Steam  Crane  Operator 110 

Electrician    (Ship)    61 

Shearman    123 

Cupola  Tender 53 

Water    Tender     136 

Shearman    123 

Bull    Riveter    Operator    42 

Hydraulic   Press   Operator    Ill 

Punchman Ill 

Shearman    123 

Punch   Press    Operator    Ill 

Yardmaster     141 

Yardmaster     141 

Yardmaster     141 

Yardmaster     141 

Boilermaker's  Helper   112 

Countersinker     51 

Driller    59 

Drill   Press  Operator    60 

Machinist's  Helper   112 

Beedler    , 113 

Carpenter's  Helper 113 

Rough    Carpenter    113 

Wood   Calker    44 

Bolter-up   38 

Plate  Hanger  108 


Occupation  Vnge 

Rigger  (Bridge)    115 

Rigger  (Crane)    114 

Rigger  (Marine)   115 

Rigger  (Ship)    115 

Rigging  Crane  Operator  52 

Rivet   Driver    117 

Rivet  Forger    118 

Rivet   Heater    81 

Rivet   Passer    100 

Rivetmaker  118 

Riveter     42 

Riveter  (Bull) 42 

Riveter  (Hand)   116 

Riveter   (Pneumatic)    117 

Riveter   (Snap)    116 

Roller     119 

Rough    Carpenter    113 

Rough  Painter 30 

Roustabout  Boss   85 

Sailmaker    120 

Sailor     114 

Sawyer  (Metal)   121 

Section    Foreman    85 


Allied  Occupations  Pnice 

Rigger  (Ship)    115 

Craneman    52 

Erector    (Bridge)    114 

Rigger    (Ship)     115 

Sailor   114 

Steeplejack 114 

Rigger   (Ship) 115 

Rigger   (Bridge)    115 

Rigger  (Crane)    114 

Rigger  (Marine)   115 

Sailor 115 

Crane    Operator    52 

Riveter   (Pneumatic)    117 

Rivetmaker  118 

See  Heater    (Rivet) 

See   Passer 

Blacksmith's    Helper    118 

Boltmaker   39 

Rivet  Forger   118 

Bull  Riveter  Operator  42 

Passer    100 

Tank  Tester   132 

Boilermaker    36 

Hydraulic  Press  Operator    42 

Punch  Press  Man  Ill 

Riveter    (Hydraulic)    42 

Riveter    (Hand)    117 

Riveter   (Pneumatic)    116 

Riveter  (Bull)    42 

Riveter    (Pneumatic)     117 

Riveter   (Snap)    116 

Boilermaker    36 

Riveter  (Bull)    42 

Rivet   Driver    117 

Riveter  (Hand)   116 

Structural   Steel  Worker    117 

Riveter  (Hand)   116 

Bending  Roller   119 

Machine  Operator  (Fabricating  Shop)  119 

Mangle  Roller   91 

Reamer    (Wood)     113 

Bitumastic    Painter    30 

Cementer 45 

Labor  Foreman   85 

Awning  Maker    120 

Canvas  Worker   120 

Tailor     120 

Tentmaker    120 

Rigger    (Crane)    114 

Rigger    (Ship)     115 

Cold    Sawyer    121 

Machine  Operator   (Fabricating  Shop)  121 

Labor  Foreman   . .  ^ 85 

23 


Occupation  Pagre 

Scarfing  Machine  Operator   122 

Shaper    Hand    90 

Shaper  Operator   90 

Shearer    123 

Shearman    123 

Sheet  Lead  Worker 86 

Sheet  Metal  Worker   124 

Ship   Carpenter    125 


Ship  Carpenter's  Helper 44 

Ship  Draftsman 58 

Shipfitter 126 

Ship   Joiner    83 

Shipsmith    31 

Sign   Painter    99 

Slag  Roofer   30 

Slotter    Hand    90 

Slotter  Operator   90 

Smelter  Furnace  Operator  53 

Solderer    86 

Sparmaker    127 

Squarer  (Wood  Ship)   128 

Stage  Builder   129 


Allied  Occupations  Page 

Machine  Operator   (Fabricating  Shop)  122 

Planer  Operator    106 

Toolmaker     133 

Gear  Cutter   75 

Shearman    123 

Forging  Machine  Operator 70 

Press  Operator 123 

Punch    Operator    123 

Punch  Press  Operator Ill 

Shearer    123 

Lead   Burner    86 

Boat   Builder    (Steel)    32 

Coppersmith    48 

Shipfitter 126 

Tinsmith    124 

Boat  Builder   (Wood)    33 

Bridge  Builder 125 

Carpenter    125 

Dock  Builder  125 

House  Carpenter 125 

Mold  Loftsman   95 

Shipwright    125 

Sparmaker     127 

Squarer   128 

Stage   Builder    129 

Strapper     131 

Calker   (Wood)    44 

Draftsman    (Hull)     58 

Erector    (Ship)    66 

Fitter-up    126 

Marine  Erector    92 

Mold  Loftsman   95 

Sheet  Metal  Worker   124 

Structural   Steel  Worker    126 

See  Joiner 

Blacksmith     31 

Frame  Bender   72 

Painter    (General)    99 

Bitumastic  Painter   30 

Planer  Operator   106 

Gear  Cutter   75 

Cupola  Tender 53 

Lead   Burner    86 

Ship    Carpenter     125 

Bridge   Builder    128 

Carpenter    125 

Dock  Builder 128 

Farm    Carpenter    128 

Ship  Carpenter    125 

Bridge   Builder    129 

Carpenter    125 

Dock  Builder  129 

Farm   Carpenter    129 

Ship   Carpenter    125 


24 


Occupation  PagTC 

Stationary  Engineer 65 

Stationary   Fireman    68 

Steam  Crane  Operator 110 

Steamfitter    105 

Steam  Shovel  Operator  52 

Steel   Car   Builder    32 

Steel  Furnaceman 73 

Stevedore  Foreman    85 

Steeplejack    114 

Stockkeeper    130 

Stoker    67 

Storekeeper     130 

Strapper  (Wood  Ship)    131 

Structural  Draftsman    58 

Structural  Steel  Erector 66 

Structural   Steel   Worker    117 

Stucco  Worker   104 

Switchman    141 

Tailor     120 

Tank  Builder  36 

Tank  Builder  Foreman   37 

Tankmaker's  Helper 82 

Tank  Tester  132 

Tapmaker    56 

Tar  Roofer 30 

Telephone  Repairman    61 

Tentmaker     120 

Tinsmith    124 

Tinware   Finisher    . . «- 62 

Tool   Dresser    134 

Toolmaker     133 


Allied  Occupations  Paare 

See  Engineer   (Stationary) 

See  Fireman  (Stationary) 

Power   House   Engineer    lid 

Pipefitter     105 

Plumber     109 

Crane    Operator 52 

Boat    Builder    (Steel)    32 

Furnaceman    73 

Labor    Foreman    85 

Rigger  (Crane)   114 

Storekeeper     130 

Fireman    (Locomotive)    67 

Fireman    (Stationary)    68 

Material    Checker    130 

Stockkeeper    130 

Bridge   Builder    131 

Carpenter    131 

Dock  Builder   131 

Farm  Carpenter 131 

Ship   Carpenter    125 

Draftsman    (Hull)    58 

Erector  (Ship)   66 

Riveter   (Pneumatic)    117 

Shipfitter     126 

Pipe  Coverer   104 

Yardmaster 141 

Sail    Maker    120 

Boilermaker    36 

Tank  Tester 132 

Boilermaker   Foreman    37 

Holder-on    82 

Boiler    Inspector     34 

Boilermaker    36 

Chipper  and  Calker   47 

Riveter     117 

Tank  Builder 132 

Diesinker     56 

Bitumastic  Painter   30 

Electrician     (Ship)     61 

Sailmaker    120 

Coppersmith    48 

Sheet  Metal  Worker   124 

Electroplater    62 

Toolsmith    134 

Diesetter    55 

Diesinker     , 56 

Gear  Cutter   75 

Grinder  Hand    11 

Lathe  Hand   90 

Machinist    88 

Milling  Machine  Hand   90 

Shaper  Hand   90 

25 


Occupation  Page 

Toolroom  Machinist 75 

Toolsmith    134 

Toolsmith's  Helper   39 

Tracer    49 

Trunnel  Borer 107 

Varnisher   (Wood  and   Metal)    135 

Wagon  Painter    99 

Water  Tender    136 

Welder   (Electric  Arc)    137 

Welder    (Electric    Spot)    138 

Welder    (Oxy-acetylene) 139 

Welder     (Thermit)     1-37 

Wiper 91 

Wood  Calker    44 

Wood  Car  Builder   ZZ 

Wood    Carver    102 

Wooden  Dock  Builder    107 

Wood   Polisher 135 

Woodworking  Machine  Operator    ....  140 

Yard  Foreman 85 

Yardmaster     141 


Allied  Occupations  Pa^e 

Gear  Cutter   ". 75 

Anglesmith    28 

Blacksmith 31 

Tool  Dresser    134 

Boltmaker   39 

Copyist     49 

Flanker  (Wood  Ship)    107 

Hardwood   Finisher    135 

Painter    (General)     99 

Wood    Polisher    135 

Painter    (General)    99 

Engine   Watchman 136 

Fireman    (Locomotive)    67 

Fireman    (Stationary)    68 

Hostler   (Locomotive)    136 

Pumper    136 

Cutter   (Oxy-acetylene)    54 

Welder  (Electric  Spot)    138 

Welder    (Oxy-acetylene)    139 

Welder   (Thermit)    137 

Cutter   (Oxy-acetylene)    54 

Welder  (Electric  Arc)   137 

Welder    (Oxy-acetylene)     139 

Welder    (Thermit)    138 

Burner    (Oxy-acetylene)    54 

Cutter  (Oxy-acetylene)    54 

Welder  (Electric)     137,  138 

Welder  (Thermit)     139 

Welder  (Electric  Arc)    137 

Welder  (Electric    Spot)    138 

Welder   (Oxy-acetylene)    139 

Oiler     SI 

See  Calker    (Wood) 

Boat  Builder  (Wood)   33 

Patternmaker  (Wood)   102 

Flanker  (Wooden  Ship)    107 

See    also    Dock   Builder 

Varnisher   (Wood  and  Metal)    135 

Cabinetmaker   140 

Carpenter    140 

Joiner     83 

Planing  Mill  Worker 140 

Labor  Foreman   85 

Railroad  Brakeman     141 

Railroad  Conductor    141 

Railroad  Switchman     141 

Railroad  Yardmaster    141 


26 


SUPERVISORS-" 


FOREMAN: 

The  Foreman  usually  has  under  his  jurisdiction  groups  of  men, 
generally  working  in  different  occupations,  each  group  having 
its  own  leader.  He  should  be  a  man  who  understands  the 
requirements  of  the  occupations  of  these  various  groups.  He 
should  be  able  to  handle  men  in  such  a  manner  as  to  maintain 
the  maximum  production.  He  must  be  tactful,  resourceful,  con- 
fident and  able  to  co-ordinate  the  work  of  the  different  groups 
in  his  department. 


QUARTERMAN: 

Quarterman  is  a  term  now  coming  into  general  use.  It  is 
generally  applied  to  a  man  having  under  his  supervision  more 
than  one  group  in  the  same  occupation.  He  must  be  thor- 
oughly familiar  with  the  requirements  of  the  occupation  of 
which  he  is  in  charge  and  capable  of  directing  the  work  and 
maintaining  maximum  production.  He  is  likely  material  for 
promotion  to  the  position  of  Foreman. 


LEADING  MAN: 

This  term  is  generally  applied  to  a  man  having  only  a  few 
men  in  the  same  occupation  under  his  leadership.  He  is  also 
known  as  a  group  leader  or  a  gang  boss.  He  must  be  thoroughly 
familiar  with  the  requirements  of  the  occupation  and  also  able 
to  direct  the  activities  of  others  and  to  maintain  maximum  pro- 
duction. He  is  likely  material  for  promotion  to  the  position  of 
Quarterman. 


GANG  BOSS: 

See  Leading  Man. 


tJ 


;:  ANGLESMITH 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS   KNOWN: 

Frame  Bender. 
OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Blacksmith,  Toolsmith,  Furnaceman,  Architectural  Ironworker. 
TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Anglesmith  uses  templates  furnished  by  the  mold  loft  or 
lifted  from  the  ship  by  shipfitters  to  bend  and  weld  light  lengths 
and  angular  shapes,  such  as  tank  frames,  door  frames,  frame 
staples,  bulkhead  staples,  etc.  He  should  be  a  smith,  possessing 
skill  in  bending  and  welding  angular  work.  He  should  be 
acquainted  with  proper  temperatures  for  working,  and  understand 
in  a  practical  way,  the  action  of  shapes  and  plates  when  heated 
and  cooled,  so  as  tb  make  proper  allowances  for  shrinkage  and 
change  of  the  shape  when  cooling.  On  the  light  work  he  must 
work  rapidly  because  the  light  weight  angles  cool  more  quickly 
than  the  solid  bars  to  which  a  blacksmith  is  accustomed.  The 
Anglesmith  is  usually  assisted  by  two  or  more  helpers,  as  the 
work  in  hand  may  require. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school  education  is  of  value  in  this  occupation,  but  not 
absolutely  necessary. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Strength,  endurance,  quickness,  good  eyesight,  and  ability  to 
stand  intense  heat. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 
Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

The  Anglesmith  is  a  highly  trained  workman.  Several  years  of 
experience  are  necessary  to  acquire  an  expert  knowledge  of  the 
working  and  heating  of  steel  shapes  and  plates.  Experience  in 
use  of  coal,  coke,  gas  or  oil  furnaces  is  essential.  Recruits  from 
the  allied  trades  would  require  about  six  months'  training  to 
become  proficient  in  anglesmith  work. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

A  candidate  for  this  school  should  be  a  young  man,  preferably 
over  eighteen  years  of  age,  of  robust  build,  average  strength 
and  endurance,  fair  intelligence. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 

28 


BACK-HANDLER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION   IS   KNOWN: 

Helper,  Back  Handcr. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Blacksmith's  Helper,  Forge  Shop  Helper,  Anglesmith's  Helper. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Back-handler  helps  manipulate  the  stock  on  the  press  or 
hammer  at  the  direction  of  the  forger  or  the  one  in  charge. 

EDUCATION: 

.    Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Strength  and  endurance ;  ability  to  stand  intense  heat. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

None  necessary.   Work  is  performed  under  the  direction  of  the 
one  in  charge  of  his  group. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


29 


BITUMASTIC  PAINTER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Coating  Applier. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Cementer,  Rough  Painter,  Slag  Roofer,  Tar  Roofer. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Bitumastic  Painter  works  around  tanks,  bulkheads,  or  other 
watertight  compartments,  and  wherever  required  applies  bitum- 
inous or  anti-corrosive  composition.    The  work  is  disagreeable. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength  and  physique. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Any  laborer  can  be  trained  to  become  proficient  in  this  work 
in  about  two  weeks. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


30 


BLACKSMITH 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 


OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Anglesmith,  Hammersmith,  Toolsmith,  Shipsmith,  Horseshoer, 
Forger  (Liner). 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

A  Blacksmith  must  be  capable  of  doing  welding,  and  able  to 
make  all  kinds  of  medium  or  light  machine  and  hand  forgings 
from  drawings,  templates,  or  samples;  should  be  familiar  with 
coal,  coke,  gas  and  oil  furnaces ;  have  some  experience  on  steam 
or  power  hammers ;  have  a  good  knowledge  of  heat  treatment 
of  steel,  including  oil  and  water  tempering  and  hardening. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Strength  and  endurance ;  good  eyesight,  as  a  Blacksmith's  duties 
require  him  to  be  looking  into  forges  or  furnaces  constantly. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Higher  than  average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Should  have  served  as  an  apprentice  in  general  blacksmith  shop. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common  or  high  school  education;  should  have  good  health, 
strength,  and  be  of  robust  stature. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


31 


BOAT  BUILDER— (Steel) 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 


OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Sheet  Metal  Worker,  Automobile  Body  Builder,  Steel  Car 
Builder,  Airplane  and  Hydroplane  Body  Builder. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Steel  Boat  Builder  is  experienced  in  the  details,  construction, 
fitting  up,  and  repairing  of  all  kinds  of  small  steel  boats,  pon- 
toons and  floats.  He  applies  the  technique  of  sheet  metal  worker 
to  the  construction  of  small  boats.  He  should  have  experience 
in  bending  frames,  laying  deck,  setting  frames,  etc. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  physique. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Should  be  able  to  read  blue  prints;  have  a  knowledge  of  tem- 
plates and  drawings;  knowledge  of  timbers,  bracing  and  fram- 
ing. He  should  understand  the  use  of  the  blow  torch  and  be  able 
to  solder;  should  have  served  an  apprenticeship  or  equivalent 
with  a  steel  boat  builder.  A  sheet  metal  worker  would  need 
about  a  year's  experience  in  a  boat  shop  before  he  could  be- 
come a  boat  builder. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common  school  education;  average  physique. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


32 


BOAT  BUILDER— (Wood) 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Boat  Carpenter,  Ship  Carpenter. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Automobile  Body  Builder,  Wood  Car  Builder,  Carpenter, 
Cabinetmaker,  Joiner,  Patternmaker. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

A  Wood  Boat  Builder  is  experienced  in  the  details,  construction, 
fitting  up,  and  repairing  of  all  classes  of  small  wood  and  canvas- 
covered  boats;  expert  in  the  use  of  carpenter's  and  joiner's  tools. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school  education;  ability  to  read  blue  prints  and 
mechanical  drawings ;  knowledge  of  templates,  and  also  of 
timbers,  bracing  and  framing. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength  and  physique. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Experience  as  an  assistant  or  helper  to  a  ship  carpenter  or  ship- 
joiner  would  be  valuable.  A  cabinetmaker  or  joiner  will 
require  about  one  year's  experience  to  become  efficient  as  a 
boat  builder. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common  school  education ;  average  physique. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


33 


BOILER  INSPECTOR 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION   IS  KNOWN: 


OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Boilermaker  Foreman,  Boilermaker. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Boiler  Inspector  must  be  experienced  in  the  details  of  boiler 
construction,  repairs,  and  maintenance ;  thoroughly  familiar  with 
the  rules  and  requirements  of  the  Interstate  Commerce  Com- 
mission, American  Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers,  and  the 
various  public  service  commissions  in  connection  with  the  main- 
tenance and  inspection  of  boilers.  He  must  be  familiar  with 
the  various  tests  incidental  to  boiler  work,  and  the  proper 
methods  of  applying  them;  able  to  investigate  boiler  accidents 
and  their  causes,  to  detect  improper  conditions  by  visual  ex- 
amination, and  loose  or  broken  stay-bolts  or  boiler-stays  by 
hammer  test. 

EDUCATION: 

Common,  trade,  technical  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Good  eyesight  and  hearing;  medium  stature  and  build.  An 
Inspector  is  obliged  at  times  to  work  in  cramped  and  close  quar- 
ters, where  a  man  of  medium  stature  and  build  could  work  to 
best  advantage. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Higher  than  average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Should  have  had  experience  as  practical  boilermaker;  be  able 
to  read  and  interpret  blue  prints  and  mechanical  drawings. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common  school  or  trade  school ;  first-class  boilermaker ;  good 
eyesight  and  hearing. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


.34 


BOILER  LAYOUT  MAN 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 


OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Boiler  Inspector,  Boilermaker. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Boiler  Layout  Man  should  be  able  to  calculate  and  lay  out 
from  drawings  all  the  details  of  boiler  construction. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  trade  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  physique ;  good  eyesight. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Higher  than  average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Should  have  experience  as  a  practical  boilermaker — knowledge 
of  the  trade,  methods,  tools,  etc.;  ability  to  read  and  interpret 
blue  prints  and  mechanical  drawings.  Knowledge  of  applied 
mathematics,  including  geometry,  is  desirable. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common  school  education;  average  physique;  first-class  boiler- 
maker. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


35 


BOILERMAKER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 


OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Tank  Builder. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Boilermaker  erects,  maintains  and  repairs  boilers  of  all 
types  and  their  appurtenances. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Strength  and  endurance. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

The  Boilermaker  must  be  experienced  in  flanging  and  bending 
plates,  punching,  shearing,  riveting,  chipping,  calking,  patching, 
tube  setting,  and  the  application  of  stay-bolts  and  various  types  of 
boiler  stays.  In  smaller  shops,  where  specialists  are  not 
employed,  experience  as  oxy-acetylene  cutter  and  welder  is 
desirable. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

,   Common  school  education;  average  physique. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


36 


BOILERMAKER  FOREMAN 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 


OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Tank  Builder  Foreman. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Boilermaker  Foreman  supervises  the  lay-out,  construction, 
repair,  and  maintenance  of  boilers  and  their  appurtenances. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  trade  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  physique;  good  eyesight,  good  hearing. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Higher  than  average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

He  should  have  had  experience  as  journeyman  boilermaker ;  be 
able  to  read  and  interpret  blue  prints  and  mechanical  drawings ; 
have  a  knowledge  of  templates ;  and  be  thoroughly  familiar  with 
standard  American  Society  Mechanical  Engineers'  rules,  also 
the  rules  and  requirements  of  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commis- 
sion and  the  Public  Service  rules  of  the  state  in  which  he  hap- 
pens to  be  located ;  competent  to  oversee  the  application  of  the 
different  tests  incidental  to  this  work,  and  familiar  with  all  types 
of  autogenous  welding. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common  school  education;  average  physique;  first-class  boiler- 
maker. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


37 


BOLTER-UP 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS   KNOWN: 

Bolter. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Machinist's  Helper,  Boilermaker's  Helper,  Regulator. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Bolter-up  fastens  the  plates,  beams,  etc.,  in  place  on  the 
vessel,  so  that  they  may  be  reamed  and  riveted.  Two  Bolters-up 
usually  work  together — one  with  a  maul  and  drift-pin,  the  other 
applying  the  fastening  bolts. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength  and  endurance;  agility. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

The  Bolter-up  is  usually  recruited  from  the  more  agile  and  alert 
helpers  or  laborers  in  the  shipyard.  It  requires  several  weeks 
to  become  an  efficient  Bolter-up. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Average  intelligence;  ordinary  physique;  not  under  18  years  of 
age. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


38 


BOLTMAKER— (Bolt-Making  Machine  Operator) 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION   IS  KNOWN: 


OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Rivetmaker,  Blacksmith's  or  Toolsniith's  Helper. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Boltmaker  operates  a  bolt-making  machine,  which  auto- 
matically forms  the  bolt  heads,  and  cuts  the  iron  to  the  right 
lengths.  He  operates  the  machine  while  his  helper  prepares  the 
rod  in  the  furnace. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

The  Boltmakers  are  usually  recruited  from  blacksmiths',  tool- 
smiths'  and  machinists'  helpers.  It  requires  two  to  three  weeks' 
training  for  such  helpers  to  become  efficient  boltmakers. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


39 


BUFFER  AND  POLISHER— (Metal) 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Metal  Finisher. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Grinder,  Lathe  Hand,  Machinist's  Helper. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

Buffers  and  Polishers  file,  scrape,  and  work  down  to  a  smooth 
finish  metal  castings,  f  orgings,  and  machined  pieces ;  also  prepare 
metals  for  plating. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  physique  and  strength ;  freedom  from  diseases  of  nose, 
throat  and  lungs. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Should  have  experience  as  grinder  or  mechanic's  helper. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


40 


BULLDOZER  OPERATOR 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Offsetting  Machine  Operator,  Joggling  Machine  Operator,  Cold 
Press  Operator. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Machine  Operator  in  fabricating  shop. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Bulldozer  Operator  operates  a  machine  which  is  used  to 
bend,  or  place  offsets,  jogs  or  flanges  in  plates  or  iron  shapes. 
This  may  be  done  by  either  the  hot  or  cold  presses. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength ;  ability  to  stand  heat. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

He  must  be  familiar  with  hydraulic  presses,  able  to  tell  when 
press  is  working  properly,  and  able  to  gauge  work;  experi- 
ence in  a  shell  or  manufacturing  plant  or  as  a  wheel  presser  in 
locomotive  works  would  be  beneficial.  He  should  also  under- 
stand the  operation  of  coal,  coke,  gas  or  oil  furnaces.  The  more 
experienced  pressmen  are  used  to  operate  the  presses  on  which 
the  more  complicated  work  is  done. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


41 


BULL  RIVETER  OPERATOR  * 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Hydraulic  Riveter. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Riveter,    Punch    Press    Man,    Boilermaker,    Hydraulic    Press 
Operator. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Bull  Riveter  Operator  operates  a  hydraulic  or  pneumatic 
riveting  machine. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Strength  and  endurance. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

He   should   be  a   first-class   riveter   and   have   experience  with 
hydraulic  machines. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

First-class    riveter;    common    school    education;    strength    and 
endurance. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


42 


CALKER— (Metal) 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Chipper  and  Calker. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Chipper. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Calker  jams  or  drives  down  the  edge  of  projecting  angles, 
seams  and  rivets  in  order  to  make  parts  watertight;  makes  the 
structural  part  of  the  ship  watertight  by  expanding  the  plates  at 
the  point  of  contact  with  a  calking  tool,  which  is  similar  to  a 
blunt  chisel.  He  should  be  able  to  do  hand  calking  where  air 
tools  cannot  be  used  conveniently. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Strength  and  endurance  necessary  to  resist  the  severe  strain  of 
the  work.  A  robust  worker  is  usually  sought.  Calker  works 
with  goggles  to  protect  the  eyes  from  flying  pieces  of  metal. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

The  Calker  is  usually  recruited  from  the  helpers.  It  requires 
about  one  month  for  a  helper  to  become  an  expert  calker.  In 
most  shipyards  the  occupations  of  chipper  and  calker  are  com- 
bined, and  the  worker  is  hired  only  when  he  is  capable  of  per- 
forming both  operations. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


43 


CALKER— (Wood) 
(Steel  and  Wood  Ships) 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 


OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Ship  Carpenter's  Helper,  Wood  Reamer. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

Calking  and  reaming  are  usually  combined  as  an  occupation. 
The  Wood  Calker  fills  in  seams  in  the  planking  in  the  hull  to 
make  them  watertight,  using  cotton,  oakum,  rosin,  white  lead, 
putty,  tar  or  pitch,  as  the  circumstances  demand.  He  is  some- 
times assisted  by  an  oakum  spinner  and  a  wood  reamer. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Any  intelligent  workman,  who  has  used  a  hammer,  or  mallet, 
can  learn  the  details  of  calking  in  about  one  month;  must  be 
familiar  with  the  use  of  the  air  hammer. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Average  intelligence. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


44 


CEMENTER— (Bitumastic  Worker) 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Cement  Layer,  Cement  Finisher,  Deck  Layer. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Mason,  Plasterer,  Rough  Painter,  Concrete  Worker,  Lagging 
AppHer. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Cementer  lays  cement  mixtures  on  the  decks  of  ships  and 
inner  bottoms  of  tanks,  waterways,  etc.,  or  any  joints  which  are 
desired  to  be  made  watertight.  He  uses  a  trowel,  and  must  be 
capable  of  preparing  the  proper  mixtures. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Fair  strength  and  endurance. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Cementer  is  usually  recruited  from  the  laborers.  He  is  familiar 
with  the  preparation  and  application  of  cement  mixtures.  One 
month's  time  is  required  to  become  proficient  in  this  work. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common  school  education ;  average  physique ;  fair  intelligence. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


45 


CHIPPER— (Foundry) 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION   IS  KNOWN: 

Chipper  and  Grinder. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Chipper  and  Calker. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Foundry  Chipper  cuts,  trims,  grinds  or  files  edges  and  pro- 
jections from  castings  in  the  foundry. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength  and  physique. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

An  ordinary  foundry  laborer  can  be  assigned  to  this  work.     No 
previous  experience  is  necessary. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Average  physique;  average  intelligence. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


46 


CHIPPER— (Metal) 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Chipper  and  Calker. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Metal  Calker,  Foundry  Chipper,  Machinist's  or  Boilermaker's 
Helper. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Chipper  is  expert  in  the  use  of  the  pneumatic  hammer.  He 
cuts,  trims  and  files  castings ;  cuts,  scarfs  and  flushes  rivets ; 
cuts  out  condemned  rivets.  He  is  able  to  do  hand  work  where 
air  tools  cannot  be  used  conveniently. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Strength  and  endurance;  capable  of  resisting  strain  of  the  work. 
A  robust  worker  is  generally  sought.  Good  eyesight  is  neces- 
sary.   The  Chipper  should  work  with  goggles. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

The  Chipper  is  usually  recruited  from  the  muscular  helpers  or 
laborers  in  the  shipyard.  It  requires  about  two  months' 
experience  to  become  a  chipper.  In  most  shipyards,  the  occupa- 
tions of  chipper  and  calker  are  combined,  and  the  worker  is 
hired  only  when  he  is  capable  of  performing  both  operations. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common  school  education;  robust  physique;  average  intel- 
ligence. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


47 


COPPERSMITH 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 


OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Sheet  Metal  Worker,  Tinsmith. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Coppersmith  works  from  drawings,  sketches,  samples  and 
templates;  constructing  from  sheet-copper  and  brass,  pipes  of 
various  sizes,  also  copper  fittings  to  be  used  in  the  construction 
of  the  ship.  He  operates  brazing  furnaces,  tins  the  interior  of 
copper  pipes,  and  solders. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength  and  endurance. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

The  Coppersmith  is  a  highly  trained  workman.  Several  years  of 
experience  are  required  to  become  an  expert  in  the  fabrication 
of  copper  equipment. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common  school  education;  average  intelligence. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


48 


COPYIST 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Tracer. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Apprentice  Draftsman,  Blue  Printer. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Copyist  assists  the  draftsman,  by  copying  drawings,  sketches 
and  designs  laid  down  by  the  draftsman.  He  should  be  capable 
of  revising  and  changing  drawings,  and  be  a  neat  letterer. 

EDUCATION: 

Trade  school,  high  school,  technical  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  health;  good  eyesight. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Higher  than  average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

He  must  be  able  to  properly  index  and  file  drawings,  tracings 
and  drafting  room  data.  Should  be  somewhat  familiar  with 
photography  and  have  had  general  experience  in  a  drafting  room 
and  be  familiar  with  the  use  of  drawing  instruments. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


49 


COREMAKER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 


OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Holder,  Foundry  Helper. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Coremaker  makes  cores  to  be  used  in  molds  for  any  class 
of  metal  casting.  He  must  be  familiar  with  sands,  core 
compounds  and  washes. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Strength  above  average;  should  be  able  to  stand  heat. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

The  Coremaker  must  be  practically  experienced  in  general  iron, 
brass  and  steel  foundry  coremaking,  and  must  have  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  materials,  methods  and  tools  of  the  trade,  and 
must  have  ability  to  make  up  small  or  large  cores  of  green 
sand  or  loam  either  molded  or  built  up.  He  should  know  how 
to  mix  and  make  core  stock  and  be  familiar  with  oven  core 
baking.  He  should  have  a  thorough  experience  in  a  general 
foundry. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common  school  education;  physical  strength;  must  be  at  least 
18  years  of  age ;  should  be  able  to  stand  heat. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


50 


COUNTERSINKER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 


OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Driller,  Reamer,  Machinist's  Helper. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Countersinker,  with  the  use  of  a  pneumatic,  steam,  or  elec- 
trically driven  drill,  bevels  the  holes  in  plates  or  sheets  which 
have  been  previously  punched  or  drilled  in  order  that  the  head 
of  the  rivet  may  be  made  flush  with  the  plate,  and  that  the  shank 
of  the  rivet  when  driven  may  be  thickened,  assuring  greater 
strength  and  safety. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Should  have  had  experience  operating  drill  press  or  automatic 
air  drills;  must  be  familiar  with  angles  at  which  different  holes 
are  countersunk. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Average  intelligence;  common  school  education. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


51 


CRANE  OPERATOR 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION   IS  KNOWN: 

Hoist  Operator. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Derrick  Operator,  Portable  Engine  Operator,  Browning  Hoist 
Operator,  Steam  Shovel  Operator,  Rigging  Crane  Operator, 
Stationary  Engineer. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Crane  Operator  runs  the  traveling,  overhead,  shop,  gantry  or 
electrically  operated  boom  cranes  and  derricks.  He  should  be 
familiar  with  the  operation  and  care  of  motors,  starters,  con- 
trollers; must  be  able  to  make  minor  repairs  to  equipment  for 
cranes. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength ;  ability  to  pass  any  required  examination  on 
eyesight,  hearing  and  general  physical  condition. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Experience  as  an  electrician  or  stationary  engineer  is  desirable ; 
should  be  familiar  with  signal  code  used  in  the  yard;  must  be 
particularly  careful  and  alert. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


52 


CUPOLA  TENDER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH   OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 


OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Furnace  Tender,  Smelter  Furnace  Operator,  Puddler. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Cupola  Tender  cares  for  the  cupola  used  for  the  melting  of 
metals  in  the  foundry ;  lines  the  furnace  with  fire  brick  or  clay ; 
assists  in  the  charging  and  melting;  taps  the  cupola  to  fill  the 
ladles  when  the  molds  are  being  poured.  He  must  be  familiar 
with  the  proportions  of  fuel,  iron,  flux,  etc.,  used  in  producing 
different  quantities  and  different  grades  of  iron. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Strength,  endurance;  ability  to  withstand  intense  heat;  good 
eyesight. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Higher  than  average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

The  Cupola  Tender  should  have  had  experience  in  general 
foundry  work,  a  thorough  knowledge  of  furnace  operation  and 
experience  assisting  a  Cupola  Tender. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


53 


CUTTER,  OXY-ACETYLENE 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Oxy-acetylene  Burner;  Oxy-acetylene  Operator. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Electric  Welder,  Oxy-acetylene  Welder,  Boilermaker,  Black- 
smith. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

He  must  be  thoroughly  familiar  with  the  use  and  operation  of 
autogenous  gas  cutting  torches  for  any  class  of  manufacturing, 
repair,  demolition  or  wreck  clearing  work,  and  must  fully  under- 
stand transportation  and  setting  up  of  such  apparatus. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  build  and  strength;  steady  nerve;  should  be  possessed 
of  good  eyesight. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Experience  as  a  boilermaker  or  boiler  shopworker  is  very 
desirable.  In  some  plants,  the  oxy-acetylene  operators  are 
recruited  from  the  boilermakers  or  blacksmiths,  in  order  that 
they  may  be  utilized  for  other  work  when  there  is  no  cutting  to 
be  done. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Average  strength  and  intelligence ;  must  be  at  least  20  years  of 
age ;  boiler-shop  or  blacksmith-shop  experience  beneficial  but 
not  absolutely  necessary. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


54 


DIESETTER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 


OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Machinist,  Toolmaker. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

He  must  understand  the  setting  and  adjustment  of  dies  for 
punching,  forming  or  drawing  presses  and  drop  hammers ;  be  a 
skilled  operator  on  all  classes  of  gear,  screw  and  hydraulic 
presses,  and  be  able  to  set  and  adjust  all  kinds  of  dies  and  plates 
for  presses  and  shears. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

He  must  be  familiar  with  the  use  of  calipers,  micrometers  and 
gauges,  also  understand  the  nature  of  metals  and  annealing. 
Experience  in  cartridge  plant,  stamping,  or  sheet  metal  plant 
is  desirable. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


55 


DIESINKER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION   IS  KNOWN: 

Diemaker. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Drillmaker,  Tapmaker,  Toolmaker,  Expert  Machinist,  Engraver. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

Making  or  sinking  any  kind  of  forging  or  press  die  for  any 
purpose. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  high  school,  trade  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength  and  build. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Higher  than  average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Should  be  able  to  interpret  drawings  and  sketches,  figure  dimen- 
sions, reproduce  from  samples,  or  layout  and  make  trimming 
and  shearing  dies  of  all  sorts.  He  must  be  acquainted  v^ith  the 
best  drop  die  practice  and  able  to  operate  dies  for  testing ;  must 
have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  all  grades  of  die  steels,  methods 
of  annealing  and  hardening,  and  the  materials  from  which  forg- 
ings  are  made.  He  must  be  expert  in  the  operation  of  profilers, 
milling,  grinding,  die  sinking,  and  engraving  machine;  also 
skilled  in  the  use  of  chipping  and  engraving  tools;  must  be 
able  to  make  the  necessary  measurements  for  accurate  work. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Should  be  a  machinist,  toolmaker  or  engraver. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


56 


DRAFTSMAN— (Engineering) 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION   IS   KNOWN: 

Engine  Draftsman. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Mechanical  Draftsman. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Engineering  Draftsman  draws  all  plans  pertaining  to  the 
engine,  boiler  and  power  plant  equipment. 

EDUCATION: 

High  school,  technical  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Higher  than  average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Must  be  thoroughly  experienced  in  mechanical  drafting,  with 
special  knowledge  of  general  design,  and  details  of  marine 
engines  of  all  types,  steam  turbines,  boilers,  pumps,  condensers 
and  feed  water  heaters,  piping  and  auxiliary  apparatus ;  must 
be  familiar  with  the  layouts,  supports  and  operating  equipment 
in  ships  of  dififerent  types ;  must  be  thoroughly  familiar  with 
materials  of  construction  and  able  to  calculate  m  proportion 
dimensions  of  parts,  and  be  skilled  in  the  use  of  drafting  instru- 
■  ments;  must  be  capable  of  making  all  sectional  drawings  of 
any  parts  of  main  power  or  auxiliary  apparatus. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

These  men  usually  are  recruited  from  technical  schools,  trade 
schools  or  colleges. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


57 


DRAFTSMAN— (Hull) 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Ship  Draftsman,  Boat  Draftsman. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Structural  Draftsman. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Hull  Draftsman  is  required  to  do  all  drafting  in  connection 
with  the  design,  construction,  fabrication  and  erection  of  the 
hull  and  its  related  parts. 

EDUCATION: 

High  school,  technical  school ;  should  have  knowledge  of  algebra, 
goemetry,  trigonometry  and  logarithms. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Higher  than  average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Must  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  various  types  of  ships, 
the  principal  dimensions,  lines,  structural  details,  etc.,  and 
capable  of  making  all  drawings,  such  as,  horizontal,  longitudinal, 
cross  sections,  deck  plans,  transverse  bulkheads,  rigging  details, 
fittings,  watertight  doors,  stern  frames,  rudder  arrangements, 
airports,  etc. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

These  men  are  usually  recruited  from  technical  schools,  trade 
schools  or  colleges. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


58 


DRILLER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Driller  and  Reamer,  Driller  and  Tapper. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Reamer,   Countersinker,   Alachinist's  Helper. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Driller  drills  and  taps  all  holes  that  cannot  be  laid  off  and 
drilled  or  punched  before  the  steel  plates  or  beams  are  installed 
on  the  vessels.  He  operates  a  pneumatic,  steam  or  electrical 
portable  drill. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

The  Driller  is  usually  recruited  from  the  machinists'  or  boiler- 
makers'  helpers ;  it  takes  from  one  to  two  months  to  learn  to 
operate  properly  a  drill  and  to  set  up  and  clamp  difficult  w^ork 
on  the  ship.  He  must  be  familiar  with  the  different  sized  drills 
used,  and  be  able  to  do  reaming,  as  in  the  smaller  yards  the 
occupations  of  driller  and  reamer  are  usually  combined. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Average  intelligence ;  common  school  education ;  should  be  over 
18  years  of  age. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


59 


DRILL  PRESS  OPERATOR 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS   KNOWN 


OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Driller,  Reamer,  Boring  Mill  Operator,  Machine  Driller, 
Machinist  (Operator),  Machinist's  Helper,  Boilermaker's 
Helper. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  operation  of  drill  presses  on  all  classes  of  driUing  and 
boring. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength  and  physique. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

He  should  be  experienced  in  the  operation  of  standard  types  of 
vertical,  radial  and  multiple  spindle  drilling  machines  and  in 
power  feed  drills.  He  must  be  able  to  set  up  and  clamp  difficult 
work;  able  to  adjust  auxiliary  drills  and  bore,  ream  or  counter- 
bore  straight  or  inclined  holes ;  must  be  familiar  with  the  use 
of  high  speed  drills  and  understand  proper  cutting  speed  for 
various  materials.  He  must  also  understand  the  drawing  of  a 
hole  as  done  in  drilling. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common  school  education ;  average  intelligence ;  must  be  at  least 
20  years  of  age. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


60 


ELECTRICIAN— (Ship) 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 


OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Electrical  Repairman,  Power  Plant  Electrician,  Electrical  Wire- 
man,  Telephone  Repairman,  Automobile  Electrician. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

Installation  and  operation  of  electrical  equipment  of  all  kinds 
on  ships. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  technical  or  trade  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength  and  physique. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Higher  than  average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Must  be  a  thoroughly  experienced  Ship  Electrician,  capable  of 
installing  all  electrical  apparatus  according  to  plans  and  draw- 
ings ;  must  also  be  capable  of  installing  complete  electrical  wiring 
systems  used  in  ship  construction  for  lighting,  power,  annun- 
ciators and  all  signaling  devices;  must  be  thoroughly  skilled  in 
watertight  conduit  work,  and  the  use  of  various  types  of  marine 
conduits  and  wiring  equipment  of  all  kinds.  He  should  have  a 
thorough  knowledge  of  the  care  and  operation  of  generators, 
motors,  searchlights,  storage  batteries  and  other  auxiliary 
apparatus;  must  be  capable  of  locating  and  repairing  all  kinds 
of  wiring  defects  and  performing  repairs  on  various  types  of 
ship  electrical  appliances,  such  as  motors,  searchlights,  cooking 
ranges,  ovens  and  irons ;  should  have  a  knowledge  of  the  con- 
struction of  wireless  systems;  similar  experience  on  any  large 
passenger,  freight  or  war  ship  would  be  beneficial. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common  school  or  trade  school  education ;  higher  than  average 
intelligence. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 

61 


ELECTROPLATER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Plater,  Polisher. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Galvanizer,  Pickler,  Plate  Ware  Manufacturer,  Plating  Shop 
Worker,  Plater  and  Polisher,  Aluminum  or  Tinware  Finisher. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Electroplater  coats  fittings,  castings,  forgings,  plates,  etc., 
with  zinc,  copper,  nickel  or  silver  by  cold  galvanizing  processes. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength;  freedom  from  diseases  of  the  skin,  nose, 
throat,  lungs,  and  eyes. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

The  Electroplater  must  be  capable  of  handling  acids  and  experi- 
enced in  the  mixing  of  various  solutions  used  in  electroplating. 
He  must  understand  the  hanging  of  articles  and  anodes  with 
best  results ;  also,  the  proper  current  and  time  for  various  kinds 
and  grades  of  work ;  be  familiar  with  the  use  and  care  of  buffing 
and  polishing  stands,  and  roughing,  polishing,  buffing  and  fin- 
ishing wheels  of  various  kinds.  He  should  have  had  all-around 
experience  in  a  general  plating  shop. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common  school  education ;  average  strength ;  average  intelli- 
gence ;  must  be  at  least  18  years  of  age ;  free  from  skin  diseases, 
diseases  of  the  nose,  throat,  lungs  and  eyes. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


62 


ENGINEER— (Locomotive) 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION   IS   KNOWN; 


OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Lpcomotive  Fireman,  Locomotive  Hostler,  Stationary  Engineer. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Locomotive  Engineer  operates  the  locomotives  handling 
material  in  and  about  the  shipyards. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school ;  must  be  able  to  read  and  write. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Alust  be  physically  sound;  of  average  strength  and  physique; 
must  be  able  to  pass  proper  examinations  as  to  hearing,  vision 
and  color  tests;  not  subject  to  fits,  fainting  spells,  or  trouble  of 
that  nature.  Men  addicted  to  the  use  of  liquor  or  drugs  should 
not  be  employed. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Should  have  good  judgment;  be  alert;  higher  than  average 
intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Desirable  that  he  should  have  experience  in  railroad  service ; 
able  to  qualify  on  standard  code  of  signals  and  rules  used  on 
standard  American  railways. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


63 


ENGINEER— (Marine) 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 


OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Mechanical  Engineer,  Marine  Engine  Draftsman  (Grade  **A''). 

TRADE   REQUIREMENTS: 

He  supervises  the  design,  construction  and  installation  of  all 
mechanical  elements  of  ships,  marine  equipment  and  docks. 

EDUCATION: 

Technical  school  or  college  graduate,  with  considerable  prac- 
tical experience. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  physique. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Higher  than  average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

He  should  be  a  technical  engineer  with  thorough  theoretical 
knowledge  of  planning  and  design ;  inspection  and  installation 
of  complete  power  and  machinery  equipment,  including  main 
engine,  condensers,  pumps,  electrical  equipment,  boilers,  pipe 
system,  steering  gears  on  all  types  of  ships,  also  floating  derricks, 
dry  docks,  etc. ;  and  be  familiar  with  dock  and  cargo  handling 
apparatus.  He  should  have  knowledge  of  hull  design  and 
construction. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


64 


ENGINEER— (Stationary) 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 


OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Locomotive  Engineer,  Fireman  (Stationary  or  Locomotive), 
Portable  Engine  Operater. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Stationary  Engineer  operates  stationary  engines  and  boilers, 
portable  or  hoisting  engines  of  any  type ;  steam  cranes ;  pile 
drivers ;  steam  shovels ;  tractors ;  pumping  and  power  plants. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength,  good  hearing  and  eyesight.  Men  addicted  to 
the  use  of  liquor  or  drugs  should  not  be  employed. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence,  able  to  pass  examination  required  by  the 
state  or  local  authorities. 

EXPERIENCE: 

The  Stationary  Engineer  must  be  experienced  in  the  operation 
and  maintenance  of  stationary  engines,  boilers,  their  appurte- 
nances, and  be  capable  of  making  the  usual  running  repairs.  He 
must  be  familiar  with  air  compressors,  pumps  and  other  aux- 
iliary apparatus  found  in  steam  power  plants.  He  must  pos- 
sess the  license  required  by  law. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


65 


ERECTOR— (Ship) 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Shipfitter,  Crane  Rigger,  Structural  Steel  Erector. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Erector  places  the  various  parts  of  the  ship  in  their  proper 
positions,  after  they  have  been  fitted  up  or  fabricated  in  the 
shed  or  shop. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Strength  and  endurance. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Higher  than  average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

The  Ship  Erector  should  understand  the  work  of  the  bolter-up. 
He  must  be  familiar  with  setting  columns,  beam,  girders  and 
other  structural  parts;  also,  understand  rigging  and  hoisting 
equipment. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common  school  education ;  should  be  over  20  years  of  age ;  have 
average  strength,  agility  and  intelligence. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


66 


FIREMAN— (Locomotive) 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Stoker. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Locomotive  Fire  Cleaner,  Hostler,  Engine  Watcher. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Locomotive  Fireman  fires  or  stokes  the  industrial  or  switch 
locomotives  used  in  shipyards  and  on  construction  work. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school ;  must  be  able  to  read  and  write. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Strength  and  endurance;  ability  to  withstand  heat;  good  eye- 
sight. Men  addicted  to  the  use  of  liquor  or  drugs  should  not 
be  employed. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

The  Locomotive  Fireman  is  usually  recruited  from  the  cinder-pit 
men  or  boiler-room  laborers.  It  requires  from  two  to  three 
months  to  become  experienced  in  the  operation  and  care  of 
boilers.  He  should  be  experienced  in  the  operation,  care  and 
cleaning  of  boilers ;  capable  of  evenly  maintaining  the  proper 
steam  pressure ;  have  a  knowledge  of  and  be  experienced  in  the 
use  of  injectors,  pressure  and  water  gauges,  and  appliances. 
Similar  experience  in  railroad,  contract  or  other  industrial  work 
is  desirable. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


(57 


FIREMAN— (Stationary) 


OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Fireman,  Stoker. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Locomotive  Fireman,  Water  Tender,  Ashpit  Man. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

He  operates  chain  grate  or  automatic  stokers,  forced  and  in- 
duced draft  fans,  draft  regulators,  coal  handling  equipment  and 
economizers;  also,  various  safety  appliances,  injectors,  feed 
water  heaters,  valves  and  pumps.  He  must  be  able  to  do  hand 
coaling  when  stokers  are  not  supplied,  and  should  be  familiar 
with  modern  practices  used  to  avoid  the  making  of  black  smoke. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Strength  and  endurance. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

He  should  have  had  experience  in  power  or  steam  plant  of  a 
central  station  or  other  industrial  establishment.  He  should 
have  a  knowledge  of  all  mechanical  appliances  and  safety  de- 
vices necessary  to  the  successful  operation  of  such  a  plant. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


68 


FLANGE  TURNER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Flanger. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Boilermaker,  Frame  Bender,  Anglesmith. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Flange  Turner  turns  the  edges  and  bends  plates,  in  flanging 
or  forming  the  sheets  used  in  shipbuilding.  The  work  is  usually 
done  on  a  flanging  machine.  He  must  be  thoroughly  skilled  in 
reading  drawings  and  in  the  use  of  templates,  form  blocks  and 
shapes  and  in  the  careful  heating  of  steel  plates,  using  coal,  oil 
or  gas  furnaces.  He  must  be  capable  of  working  by  hand  either 
irregular  or  plane  shapes ;  bevelling,  flanging,  or  forming,  either 
hot  or  cold. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Strength  and  endurance;  ability  to  withstand  heat;  good 
eyesight. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

He  should  have  had  experience  as  a  boilermaker  or  boiler  shop 
worker.  Experience  in  the  construction  of  steel  passenger  or 
freight  cars,  tanks,  boilers,  or  anglesmith  work  would  be 
beneficial. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common  school  education;  at  least  18  years  of  age;  strength 
and  endurance ;  good  eyesight ;  ability  to  withstand  heat. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


69 


FORGER— (Drop) 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Forging  Machine  Operator. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Blacksmith,  Hammersmith. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

He  must  be  capable  of  operating  all  kinds  of  power  and  drop 
forge  hammers ;  properly  setting  up  and  keeping  in  good  condition 
all  kinds  of  roughing  and  finishing  dies  and  trimmers.  He  must 
thoroughly  understand  the  heating  and  working  of  various 
grades  of  steel  under  all  conditions,  and  have  a  thorough  knowl- 
edge of  forging  and  drop  hammers  in  all  varieties  of  work.  He 
should  be  familiar  with  the  operation  of  various  types  of  heating 
furnaces,  using  coal,  coke,  gas,  or  oil  as  fuel. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Strength  and  endurance ;  ability  to  w^ithstand  heat ;  good 
eyesight. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Higher  than  average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

The  Drop  Forger  is  a  highly  trained  workman.  Several  years 
of  experience  are  required  to  know  the  proper  heat  and  the 
correct  manipulation  of  heated  stock  on  the  press  or  hammer. 
He  should  have  had  similar  experience  in  an  industrial  or  rail- 
road forge  shop. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common  school  education ;  strength  and  endurance ;  good  eye- 
sight; higher  than  average  intelligence. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


70 


FOUNDRY  FOREMAN 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 


OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Molder,  Patternmaker  Foreman. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

General  supervision  and  charge  of  the  operation  of  the  foundry. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  trade  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength ;  freedom  from  diseases  of  the  nose,  throat 
and  lungs;  ability  to  withstand  heat. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

He  must  be  an  experienced  mold  and  form  maker,  familiar  with 
pattern  shop  practices ;  experienced  in  all  details  of  general 
foundry  work;  must  have  had  practical  experience  in  green, 
dry  sand  and  loam  molds ;  be  familiar  with  all  up-to-date  cupola 
practices;  possess  good  judgment  in  laying  out  work  in  the 
foundry  according  to  drawings  and  understand  the  proper 
formulas  used  in  mixing ;  also,  directing,  setting  up  and  handling 
of  large  flasks;  the  use  of  over-head  cranes.  He  must  fully 
understand  the  proper  treatment  and  care  of  furnaces,  cupola 
linings  and  relinings,  and  have  thorough  knowledge  of  core- 
making,  the  building  up  of  large  and  intricate  molds;  under- 
stand the  use  of  sandblasts,  tumbling  and  pickling;  should  be 
familiar  with  approved  systems  of  keeping  proper  records. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

First-class  molder;  common  or  trade  school  education;  phy- 
sical strength  and  endurance;  ability  to  withstand  heat. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


71 


FRAME  BENDER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Anglesmith. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Blacksmith,  Furnaceman. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Frame  Bender  uses  templates  furnished  by  the  mold-loft  or 
lifted  from  the  ship  by  shipfitters;  to  bend  and  weld  heavy 
lengths  and  heavy  angular  shapes.  He  should  be  a  smith  pos- 
sessing skill  in  bending  and  welding  heavy  angular  work. 
He  should  be  acquainted  with  the  proper  temperatures  for  work- 
ing, and  understand  the  practical  action  of  shapes  and  plates 
when  heated  and  cooled,  so  as  to  make  proper  allowances  for 
shrinkage  and  change  of  shape  when  cooling. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Strength  and  endurance ;  ability  to  stand  intense  heat. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

The  Frame  Bender  is  a  highly  trained  workman.  Several  years 
of  experience  are  necessary  to  acquire  an  expert  knowledge  of 
the  working  and  heating  of  steel,  shapes  and  plates.  He  should 
be  experienced  in  reading  blue  prints  and  mechanical  drawings. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


72 


FURNACEMAN 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION   IS   KNOWN: 

Annealer,  Heat  Treater. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Furnace  Tender,  Heating  Furnace  Tender,  Steel  Furnaceman, 
Malleable  Iron  Furnaceman,  Frame  Bender. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Furnaceman  has  charge  of  the  operation  and  care  of  the 
various  types  of  annealing  and  heat  treating  furnaces,  steel 
castings,  forging  tools,  sheet  metal  for  draw  press  work,  using 
coke,  coal,  gas  or  oil  fuel. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Strength  and  endurance ;  quickness ;  ability  to  stand  intense 
heat;  good  eyesight. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

The  Furnaceman  should  be  capable  of  maintaining  uniform 
temperatures  required  for  different  classes  of  material  and 
work  and  have  knowledge  of  the  nature  of  materials,  so  that  he 
can  properly  anneal  sheet  metals,  such  as  steel,  brass  and  copper. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Should  be  at  least  20  years  of  age ;  possess  strength  and  endur- 
ance;  robust  stature;  good  eyesight;  capable  of  withstanding 
heat. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


IZ 


GALVANIZER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION   IS  KNOWN: 


OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Electroplater,  Polisher,  Plating  Shop  Worker. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Galvanizer  covers  with  a  thin  coating  of  zinc,  ship-fittings, 
castings  and  forgings,  in  order  to  prevent  corrosion.  The  work 
consists  of  cleaning  the  parts  and  then  coating  them  with  zinc. 
After  burning  off  the  paint  or  oil  and  cleaning  with  wire 
brushes,  the  parts  are  immersed  in  tanks  containing  dilute 
hydrochloric  acid  to  make  them  perfectly  clean.  Then  the  part 
is  coated  with  zinc  by  placing  it  in  a  hot  zinc  solution.  The 
Galvanizer  keeps  the  vat  at  the  right  temperature,  has  the  vat 
properly  skimmed,  directs  the  immersion  and  sees  that  the 
coating  is  complete. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength;  freedom  from  diseases  of  the  skin,  nose, 
throat,  lungs  and  eyes. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

The  Galvanizer  should  be  experienced  in  handling  acids  and 
familiar  with  the  mixing  of  the  various  standard  vat  solutions. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


74 


GEAR  CUTTER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION   IS  KNOWN: 


OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

TcMjlmaker,  Toolroom  Machinist,  Milling  Machine  Operator, 
Shaper  Operator,  Slotter  Operator. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Gear  Cutter  must  be  familiar  with  the  operation  of  shapers 
or  milling  machine  for  the  manufacture  of  all  kinds  of  gears; 
must  be  able  to  work  to  drawings  and  make  calculations  required 
for  the  layout  of  blanks  and  the  correct  shaping  and  milling  of 
teeth.  Must  thoroughly  understand  the  making  of  all  kinds  of 
spur,  bevel,  helical,  spiral  or  eccentric  gears  of  any  material. 
He  must  be  skilled  in  the  use  of  calipers,  micrometers,  gauges, 
and  be  able  to  work  to  very  close  dimensions. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength;  good  eyesight. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

He  must  be  experienced  in  the  setting,  adjustment  and  opera- 
tion of  standard  types  of  shapers,  milling  machines  and  gear 
cutters,  also  familiar  with  the  materials  used  in  the  manufacture 
of  gears. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common  school  education ;  good  eyesight ;  at  least  16  years  old. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


75 


GLAZIER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Glass  Setter. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Painter,  Carpenter.  i 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Glazier  cuts  and  sets  window  or  skylight  glass,  and  does 
glazing  of  any  character.  He  must  be  able  to  fit  and  install  glass 
of  any  description. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

He  must  be  familiar  with  general  glazing,  cutting,  fitting  and 
setting  plain,  plate  and  ornamental  glass  in  wood  or  metal  sash 
and  frames. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


76 


GRINDER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Metal  Finisher,  Grinding  Machine  Operator. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Buffer  and  Polisher,  Plater,  Grinder,  Machinist's  Helper. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Grinder  wears  down  and  polishes  to  a  smooth  finish  metal 
castings,  forgings  and  machined  pieces.  He  operates  the 
principal  types  of  grinding  machines,  such  as  surface,  plane, 
cylindrical  and  universal. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength ;  freedom  from  diseases  of  the  nose,  throat 
and  lungs. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Experience  as  machinist's  helper  desirable. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


77 


HAMMERMAN 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Hammer  Runner. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Blacksmith's  Helper,  Forge  Shop  Helper. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Hammerman  operates  the  power  press  or  hammer  at  the 
direction  of  the  forger. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength  and  physique. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

The  Hammerman  is  usually  recruited  from  the  blacksmiths' 
helpers  or  forge  hands ;  must  have  some  knowledge  of  black- 
smith work  and  operating  machines. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common  school  education;  must  be  at  least  20  years  of  age; 
average  strength  and  physique;  average  intelligence. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


IS 


HAMMERSMITH 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Heavy  Forger. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

JJlacksmith,  Drop  Forger. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Hammersmith  supervises  the  operation  of  all  kinds  of 
work  done  with  power  drop  hammers  and  forge  presses;  heats 
and  hammers  into  shape  from  drawings,  templates  or  samples, 
all  heavy  shapes  or  forgings,  such  as  crankshafts,  axles,  frames, 
connecting  rods  and  any  sort  of  large  forgings.  He  works 
on  heavy  ingots,  but  occasionally  may  be  required  to  work  on 
lighter  ingots ;  he  should  be  able  to  do  bending,  drawing,  up- 
setting, welding  and  forming,  using  coal,  coke,  gas  or  oil  fires, 
and  be  familiar  with  the  various  steels.  He  should  be  able  to 
direct  work  of  heaters,  backhandlers,  strikers  and  helpers. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Should  have  good  eyesight,  strength  and  endurance;  ability  to 
stand  heat. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Higher  than  average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

The  Hammersmith  should  be  an  expert  blacksmith  and 
thoroughly  experienced  in  general  power  hammer  work ;  must 
be  familiar  with  the  operation  of  all  classes  of  furnaces,  and 
should  have  had  similar  experience  in  a  repair  shop  or  industrial 
plant. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Must  be  a  practical  blacksmith :  common  school  or  trade  school 
education  ;  be  familiar  with  mechanical  drawings  and  blue  prints ; 
strength  and  endurance ;  ability  to  stand  intense  heat. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 

n 


HANDYMAN— (Machinist) 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION   IS  KNOWN: 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Machinist's  Helper. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Handyman  is  a  particularly  able  helper,  who  works  at  the 
direction  of  the  Machinist. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength  and  endurance. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Should   be   a   particularly   able   helper   with    experience    along 
mechanical  lines. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


HEATER— (Rivet) 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Heater. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Passer. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Heater  heats  the  rivets  used  by  the  riveter,  using  either 
coke,  coal,  gas,  or  oil  furnaces.  He  must  be  able  to  determine 
when  the  rivet  is  heated  to  the  proper  temperature.  Boys  or  old 
men  are  usually  selected  for  this  work. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength,  ability  to  work  outdoors  in  all  sorts  of  weather 
conditions. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Ability  to  work  in  high  places  is  desirable. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common  school  education,  at  least  16  years  old. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


81 


HOLDER-ON 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Bucker-up. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Boilermaker's  Helper,  Tankmaker's  Helper,  Blacksmith's 
Helper. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Holder-on  holds  the  rivet  solidly  in  the  hole  with  either  a 
heavy  hammer,  a  "dolly  bar,"  or  a  pneumatic  holding-on 
hammer  while  the  riveter  shapes  the  opposite  end  with  his  rivet- 
ing hammer. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength  and  endurance ;  ability  to  work  in  high  places, 
which  is  required  in  tank,  bridge  and  structural  work;  must  be 
able  to  resist  the  severe  strain  of  riveting. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

He  should  be  experienced  in  the  use  of  hand,  compressed  air 
or  hydraulic  holding-on  hammers ;  should  have  had  experience 
in  structural,  plate,  tank  or  boiler  shop,  or  on  tank,  bridge  or 
steel  structural  work. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common   school   education;   physical   strength   and   endurance. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


JOINER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION   IS  KNOWN: 


OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Carpenter,  Cabinetmaker,  Furnituremaker,  Wood  Working 
Machine  Operator. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Joiner  works  from  blue  prints,  making  and  installing  the 
wood  and  cabinet  work  on  the  vessel.  He  must  be  capable  of  per- 
forming all  kinds  of  wood  and  assembly  work,  such  as  making 
sashes  and  window  frames,  doors  and  door  frames,  general 
house  building,  wood  fixtures,  desks,  instrument  cases,  etc. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Higher  than  average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

He  must  have  experience  in  reading  drawings  and  sketches,  lay- 
ing out  and  performing  all  classes  of  joining  work;  must  be  a 
competent  bench  hand  with  experience  in  the  use  of  wood- work- 
ing machines. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common  school  education ;  average  intelligence ;  average 
strength. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


83 


LABORER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 
OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 


TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

General  unskilled  work  or  labor  of  any  kind  in  connection  with 
the  various  departments  of  the  shipyard. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Strength  and  endurance. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

He  must  be  able  to  perform  general  labor  in  connection  with 
ship  work,  excavation,  grading,  track  laying,  handling  machinery 
or  materials,  or  in  connection  with  any  of  the  trades. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


84 


LABOR  FOREMAN 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Outside  Foreman,  Yard  Foreman,  Stevedore  Foreman,  Rousta- 
bout Boss,  Section  Foreman. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 


TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Labor  Foreman  oversees  the  work  of  the  laborers  and  other 
unskilled  workers  in  the  loading  and  unloading  of  material,  mov- 
ing of  heavy  material,  cleaning  up  the  yard  and  buildings  or  any 
other  work  requiring  no  special  skill. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

The  Labor  Foreman  must  be  tactful,  resourceful,  and  experi- 
enced in  the  handling  of  men,  particularly  foreigners.  He 
should  possess  good  judgment  and  balance;  experience  as  a 
rigger  would  be  beneficial. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


85 


LEAD  BURNER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 


OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Sheet  Lead  Worker,  Lead  Pipe  Worker,  Plumber,  Solderer. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

He  should  be  capable  of  connecting  storage  batteries,  terminals, 
leads,  and  making  lead-lined  tanks,  constructing  or  repairing 
lead  chemical  apparatus. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Strength  and  endurance,  as  much  of  the  work  is  overhead  and  is 
tiresome  unless  the  Lead  Burner  is  possessed  of  more  than 
average  strength. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

He  must  be  a  thoroughly  experienced  and  skilled  lead  burner, 
familiar  v^ith  all  classes  of  lead  burning  work,  especially  bat- 
tery terminals  and  connections  for  stationary  and  storage  bat- 
teries, lead  or  lead  lined  chemical  tanks,  retorts  and  apparatus. 
Experience  in  storage  battery  manufacturing  plant  or  chemical 
works  desirable. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


86 


LOAM  MIXER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Coremaker's  Helper,  Molder's  Helper. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Laborer. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Loam  Mixer  prepares  the  sand  or  loam  for  the  cores  and 
molds  at  the  direction  of  the  coremaker  or  molder. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

The  Loam  Mixer  is  usually  recruited  from  the  laboring  help  in 
the  foundry.  The  work  can  be  done  by  boys,  or  men  who  are 
too  far  advanced  in  years  to  do  the  more  strenuous  work. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


87 


MACHINIST— (General) 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 


OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 


TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

Any  class  of  general  machinist  work,  involving  construction, 
assembly,  repair,  bench  or  machine  tool  work. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  trade  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength  and  physique;  good  eyesight. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Higher  than  average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

He  must  be  experienced  in  all  around  general  machinist  work, 
including  floor,  bench  and  machine  work;  should  be  able  to 
work  to  drawings,  figure  dimensions  and,  where  required,  lay 
out  work ;  also  have  experience  in  the  use  of  portable  tools ;  be 
able  to  operate  standard  machine  shop  tools,  such  as  lathes, 
boring  mills,  planers,  shapers,  slotters,  millers,  thread-cutting 
tools,  etc. ;  must  have  had  experience  in  chipping,  filing,  fitting, 
tapping,  reaming,  fitting  journals  and  bearings,  key  setting,  stud 
and  bolt  fitting;  should  understand  the  use  of  calipers,  microm- 
eters and  gauges;  also  grinding  of  drills  and  machine  tools. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Must  be  able  to  read  and  write ;  average  strength ;  good  eyesight ; 
must  be  at  least  18  years  of  age. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


MACHINIST— (Classified) 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION   IS   KNOWN; 


OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED; 


TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

(See  Page  90.) 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  trade  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength;  endurance;  good  eyesight. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Experience  in  general  shop  desirable. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common  school  education,  average  intelligence,  average  health; 
at  least  18  years  of  age. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


89 


MACHINIST— (Classified) 

Note  :    Machinists,  as  a  rule,  are  divided  into  the  following  classes : 

MACHINIST— ASSEMBLER: 

The  Assembler  is  a  machinist  who  puts  together  parts  that 
compose  a  part  or  all  of  a  machine. 

MACHINIST— BENCH  HAND: 

The  Bench  Hand  Machinist  is  an  all-around  machinist;  does 
light  and  medium  bench  and  assembly  work. 

MACHINIST— BRASS  WORKING: 

The  Brass  Working  Machinist  makes  repairs  and  erects  valves, 
manifolds,  and  does  general  brass  shipfitting  work. 

MACHINIST— FITTER: 

The  Fitter  is  a  machinist  who  puts  together  machine  parts  and 
is  able  to  fit,  file,  scrape  and  ream  where  necessary  to  make  the 
proper  mechanical  adjustments.  He  must  be  able  to  apply  the 
necessary  tests  to  keep  his  work  in  alignment  and  be  able  to 
adjust  tight,  loose  and  running  fits. 

MACHINIST— FLOOR   HAND: 

The  Floor  Hand  Machinist  is  a  fitter  or  floor  hand,  employed  on 
large  work,  such  as  engine  beds,  large  pumping  machinery,  loco- 
motive parts,  mining  and  electrical  machinery,  etc. ;  he  should 
be  able  to  read  drawings  and  blueprints.  The  work  requires 
that  he  be  strong. 

MACHINIST — LOCOMOTIVE: 

He  must  be  a  thoroughly  experienced,  all-around,  skilled,  prac- 
tical machine  operator,  tioorhand  and  benchhand ;  must  be  able 
to  work  to  drawings ;  figure  dimensions ;  make  sketches ;  lay  out, 
construct  or  repair  any  of  the  parts  of  a  locomotive ;  should  be 
familiar  with  the  standard  types  of  valve  gears  now  in  use, 
namely :  Stephenson  link,  Walscheart,  Baker-Pilliod,  etc.,  and 
understand  their  adjustment;  be  familiar  with  auxiliary  fea- 
tures, such  as  air  pumps,  lubricators,  air-brake  apparatus, 
injectors,  etc.  He  must  be  skilled  in  chipping,  filing,  fitting,  fin- 
ishing and  assembling;  should  have  had  general  experience  in  a 
locomotive  or  engine  house. 

MACHINIST— MACHINE  HAND: 

The  Machine  Hand  is  a  machinist  who  is  familiar  with  the 
operation  of  one  or  more  specified  machine  tools — for  example : 
a  lathe  hand,  shaper  hand,  slotter  hand,  planer  hand,  miller  hand, 
etc.,  indicates  that  the  machinist  bearing  this  title  understands 
perfectly  those  individual  machines.  One  machinist  often  quali- 
fies on  several  machines.  He  must  read  drawings  and  blueprints, 
and  know  the  use  of  tools  and  instruments  used  in  connection 
with  machine  work. 

90 


MANGLE  ROLLER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION   IS   KNOWN: 


OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Roller. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

A  Mangle  Roller  operates  the  machine  which  straightens  the 
iron  or  steel  plates  that  pass  between  the  rollers. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength  and  physique. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Experience  in  operating  machines  in  fabricating  shop  desirable, 
but  not  necessary.  It  requires  about  one  month  for  the  average 
person  to  learn  to  operate  a  mangle  roll  successfully. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common  school  education ;  average  physical  strength ;  ordinary 
intelligence. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


91 


MARINE  ERECTOR 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Erecting  Machinist. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Shipfitter,  Machinist,  Outside  Machinist. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Marine  Erector  is  a  machinist  who  specializes  in  the  erect- 
ing work  on  the  vessel.  He  is  employed  in  the  erection  of  the 
vessel,  on  the  installation  of  the  engines,  machinery,  and  other 
equipment. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength;  agility. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

The  Marine  Erector  must  be  an  all-round  erecting  machinist; 
have  a  thorough  knowledge  and  broad  experience  in  the  con- 
struction of  vessels  and  installation  of  machinery  and  equipment. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common  school  education;  average  strength;  must  be  at  least 
20  years  of  age. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


92 


MILLWRIGHT— (General) 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Factory  Millwright. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Machinist,  Carpenter. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

He  installs  and  maintains  general  power  and  transmission 
machinery  and  equipment  in  shop,  plant  or  factory  for  any 
purpose ;  must  be  able  to  install  and  maintain  hangers,  shafting, 
pulleys,  belts  of  all  types,  machine  tools,  frames,  and  general 
equipment ;  should  be  a  practical  power  transmission  man,  able 
to  lay  out  and  erect  stringers,  hanger  and  braces;  must  be 
familiar  with  handling  tackle  and  heavy  machinery  with  the 
use  of  jacks,  hoists,  slings,  blocks,  skids  and  cribbing. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength;  ability  to  work  overhead. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Must  have  experience  in  laying  out  from  drawing  or  sketches, 
and  be  familiar  with  blue  prints  and  mechanical  drawings; 
knowledge  of  concrete  forms,  and  concrete  work  desirable. 
Experience  in  rolling  mill  or  large  manufacturing  plant,  machine 
shop  or  railroad  construction  work  would  be  beneficial;  should 
understand  application  and  repair  of  belts. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common  school  education,  average  strength  and  intelligence. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


93 


HOLDER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 


OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Coremaker,  Foundry  Worker. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Holder  makes  molds  for  iron,  steel,  brass,  aluminum  and 
other  castings.  He  understands  the  material  used  in  this  work — 
that  is,  sands  of  various  kinds,  facings,  washes  and  core  com- 
pounds ;  the  proper  ventilation  of  molds ;  making  of  molds  by 
means  of  sweeps  and  other  appliances  and  the  coring  of  molds. 
He  is  familiar  with  the  heat  value  of  fuels,  melting  temperature, 
and  shrinkage  of  various  metals. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  trade  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Physical  strength  and  endurance;  ability  to  stand  heat. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

He  must  be  an  experienced,  practical  molder  on  large  and  small 
castings ;  should  be  thoroughly  experienced  in  the  making,  set- 
ting, and  supporting  of  cores  of  all  kinds ;  the  proper  heating, 
lifting  and  handling  of  molds;  should  be  able  to  build  floor 
molds,  and  understand  the  use  of  pneumatic  hammers ;  have  a 
knowledge  of  furnaces,  mixtures,  and  proper  casting  tempera- 
tures for  desired  results. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common  school  education;  strength  and  endurance,  at  least  20 
years  of  age ;  average  intelligence. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


94 


MOLD  LOFTSMAN 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Linesman,  Developer. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Ship  Carpenter,  Ship  Joiner,  Patternmaker,  Shipfitter. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

Plans  of  the  ship  are  drawn  to  small  scale  in  the  drafting  room. 
The  Loftsman  makes  his  measurements  from  these  plans  and 
lays  off  on  the  mold-loft  floor  his  different  lines  to  the  full  size 
of  the  ship.  Templates  or  molds  are  then  made  to  conform  to 
these  lay-outs,  and  from  them  the  shapes  and  plates  for  the 
ship  are  marked  for  fabrication,  shearing,  punching,  planing,  etc. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  knowledge  of  drafting  and  blue  prints. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Good  eyesight.  The  Loftsman  works  in  a  stooping  position, 
and  the  lines  drawn  are  very  fine. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Higher  than  average  intelligence.  Must  be  able  clearly  to  visual- 
ize the  relations  of  the  various  parts  indicated,  as  ordinarily  the 
Loftsman  does  not  come  in  contact  with  the  actual  operations 
after  the  templates  have  left  the  loft. 

EXPERIENCE: 

The  Loftsman  is  a  planner,  not  an  assembler  or  a  fabricator. 
He  must  have  a  knowledge  of  the  form,  location,  and  use  of  the 
various  parts  of  the  ship.  The  Loftsman  is  one  of  the  most 
highly  trained  and  experienced  workmen  in  the  shipyard; 
should  be  skilled  in  the  use  of  wood-working  tools.  Experience 
as  a  shipfitter  would  be  beneficial. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Candidates  should  be  young  men  of  higher  than  average  intel- 
ligence ;  at  least  a  common  school  education ;  show  aptitude 
for  drawing  and  the  use  of  wood-working  tools. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 

95 


NAVAL  ARCHITECT 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Marine  Architect. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Marine  Engineer,  Marine  Designer,  Mechanical  Engineer,  Hull 
Draftsman  (Grade  "A"). 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Naval  Architect  specializes  in  plans  and  designs  of  con- 
struction and  repair  of  steel  or  wood  ships.  He  is  capable  of 
preparing  all  specifications  and  contracts,  supervising  the  pur- 
chase and  inspection  of  all  materials,  and  is  able  to  act  in  an 
advisory  and  consulting  capacity  in  all  matters  pertaining  to 
ship  construction.  He  must  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the 
laws  of  hydrostatics,  strength  of  materials,  design  of  structural 
steel  frames,  columns,  arches,  and  roof  construction,  as  related 
to  hulls  and  the  design  treatment  of  interiors.  He  must  be  thor- 
oughly familiar  with  designs  and  installation  of  power,  heating, 
ventilating,  refrigerating,  plumbing  and  lighting  systems  as 
applied  to  marine  service. 

EDUCATION: 

Technical  school  or  graduate  of  college  engineering  course. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  health  and  strength. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

.    Should  have  exceptional  creative  ability. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Should  have  had  experience  in  connection  with  shipbuilding 
plant  or  steamship  operating  company. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

The  Naval  Architect  is  recruited  from  colleges  or  technical 
schools. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


96 


OILER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Lubricator. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Factory  Oiler,  Millwright's  Helper,  Machinist's  Helper,  Handy- 
man, Wiper. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Oiler  lubricates  and  keeps  in  first-class  running  condition 
all  shafting,  and  bearings  of  motors,  engines,  pumps,  drop- 
hammers,  turbines,  dynamo  generators  and  other  machinery  of 
any  kind. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

He  must  be  familiar  with  the  various  makes  and  grades  of  lubri- 
cants and  their  merits  with  regard  to  application.  He  must  also 
be  familiar  with  the  treatment  of  hot  bearings. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


97 


PAINT  MIXER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Paint  Mill  Worker. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Dye  Plant  Worker,  Painter. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Paint  Mixer  makes  and  grinds  paint  and  white  lead  used 
on  the  ship.  He  must  be  able  to  run  paint  mixers  of  standard 
makes  and  sizes,  also  able  to  prepare  putty,  finishes,  fillers 
and  stains. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  health  and  strength ;  freedom  from  diseases  of  the  nose, 
throat  and  lungs. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

The  Paint  Mixer  should  be  familiar  with  paint  making  processes ; 
should  be  familiar  with  the  handling  and  packing  of  paints, 
leads,  etc. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common  school  education;  average  intelligence  and  strength. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


98^ 


PAINTER— (General) 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 


OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Sign  Painter,  House  Painter,  Automobile  Painter,  Wagon 
Painter. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

He  should  have  a  knowledge  of  interior  and  exterior  painting; 
be  able  to  paint  or  varnish  wood,  metal  or  canvas ;  must  be 
familiar  with  methods  of  removing  paint,  stains  or  varnish  from 
metal  or  wood  for  repainting;  also  understand  the  mixing  of 
paints. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength  and  physique ;  ability  to  work  on  high  ladders 
and  scaffolding. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Must  be  experienced  in  painting  large  surfaces,  and  have  had 
practical  experience  with  house  or  structural  painting;  be  able 
to  match  and  mix  paints;  have  a  knowledge  of  the  care  of 
brushes ;  be  a  good  rigger  and  scaffold  man. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common  school  education,  average  strength  and  physique. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


99 


PASSER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Passer  Boy. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Boilermaker's  Helper,  Riveter,  Rivet  Heater,  Laborer, 
Holder-on. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Passer  takes  the  rivet  from  the  heater,  and  inserts  it  in 
the  hole  preparatory  to  driving.  Old  men  and  boys  can  be 
utilized. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength  and  endurance ;  ability  to  work  in  high  places. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS:  ,j 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

No  previous  experience  necessary. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common  school  education ;  average  physical  strength  and  endur- 
ance; ability  to  work  in  high  locations. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


100 


PATTERNMAKER— (Metal) 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 


OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Wood  Patternmaker. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Metal  Patternmaker,  using  master  wooden  pattern  as  his 
copy,  files  and  scrapes,  solders  and  burnishes  parts  of  the  cast- 
ing to  be  used  as  a  pattern ;  must  be  able  to  work  from  draw- 
ings, sketches,  or  samples ;  calculate  shrinkage,  and  be  familiar 
with  making  and  changing  metal  patterns;  should  be  a  good 
solderer  and  metal  filer. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  trade  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  physique. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Should  have  had  experience  in  pattern  shop,  factory  or  foundry. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common  or  trade  school  education ;  ability  to  read  drawings  and 
blue  prints ;  average  strength  and  intelligence. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


■    »  J  »   *  •»  • 


PATTERNMAKER— (Wood) 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 


OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Cabinetmaker,  Wood  Carver,  Joiner. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Wood  Patternmaker  must  be  able  to  construct  from  draw- 
ings given  him  any  object  which  it  is  desired  to  reproduce  in 
iron  or  other  metal  to  the  finished  size,  making  the  necessary 
partings  and  allowing  the  proper  shrinkage.  He  must  also  make 
the  core  boxes  required  for  the  same. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school ;  high  school ;  trade  school ;  capable  of  reading 
and  interpreting  blue  prints  and  mechanical  drawings. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Higher  than  average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Must  be  a  thoroughly  experienced  Wood  Patternmaker  on  large 
and  small  work;  should  have  had  experience  in  general  pattern 
shop,  m.anufacturing  plant  or  foundry ;  knowledge  of  foundry 
practices ;  must  be  capable  of  operating  wood-working  machin- 
ery, such  as  the  joiner,  planer,  band,  jig  and  circular  saws,  lathe, 
disk  sanding,  and  other  machinery  in  the  pattern  shop.  Pattern- 
makers usually  learn  their  trade  by  serving  an  apprenticeship. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMtlNTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common,  trade  or  high  school  education ;  average  physique ; 
higher  than  average  intelligence. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


W: 


PICKLER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION   IS  KNOWN: 


OCCUPATIONS   MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Galvanizer,  Electroplater,  Acid  Plant  Worker. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Pickler  cleans  the  steel,  brass  or  cast  iron  parts  of  scale 
and  impurities  as  they  come  from  the  mill,  in  preparation  for 
bending,  cementing  or  galvanizing,  by  standing  or  suspending 
them  in  an  acid  solution.  They  are  then  dipped  in  lime  water, 
thoroughly  washed  in  clean  water  and  dried. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Must  be  free  from  diseases  of  the  nose,  throat,  lungs  and  skin; 
good  eyesight. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Must  have  a  practical  knowledge  of  the  method  of  handling 
acids,  and  mixing  pickling  solutions ;  must  have  practical  expe- 
rience in  dipping  various  kinds,  sizes  and  shapes  of  metal 
parts,  and  should  be  capable  of  keeping  vats  and  surroundings 
in  good  condition. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


103 


PIPE  COVERER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Asbestos  Worker,  Lagging  Applier. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Plasterer,   Stucco  Worker,   Cement  Worker. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Pipe  Coverer  applies  insulating  coverings  to  steam  pipes, 
hot  and  cold  water  pipes,  refrigerating  pipes,  boilers,  tanks, 
feed  water  heaters,  etc.  Magnesia,  asbestos,  hair,  felt,  etc.,  are 
generally  used.    Cloth  is  usually  sewed  on  to  the  insulation. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength  and  physique. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Experience  as  a  plasterer  or  plasterer*s  helper  is  an  asset.  He 
must  have  experience  in  mixing  insulating  plaster  and  the  use 
of  trowels  for  laying  and  finishing. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common  school  education;  average  strength  and  physique. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


104 


PIPEFITTER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Steamfitter. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Gasfitter,  Plumber. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

A  Pipefitter  bends,  taps,  cuts  and  lays  or  erects  pipes,  flanges, 
plugs,  etc.,  either  with  or  without  screw  fittings  in  all  parts  of 
the  ship  for  all  purposes,  and  in  connection  with  the  building 
work  in  and  around  the  plant.  He  uses  leads  and  solders  to 
make  watertight  connections,  cuts  and  shapes  gaskets  where 
needed ;  also  makes  watertight  bulkhead  connections ;  makes 
templates  where  dimensions  are  omitted  from  the  drawing. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school ;  must  read  and  understand  mechanical  draw- 
ings and  blue  prints. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength;  ability  to  work  in  changing  atmospherical 
conditions. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Experience  as  a  plumber,  gasfitter  or  steamfitter  is  desirable; 
must  be  skilled  and  experienced  in  all  kinds  of  pif)e  work, 
steam,  water  or  air;  able  to  bend  pipe  and  must  thoroughly 
understand  the  operation  of  hand  and  power  driven  pipe  cutting 
and  bending  machines,  and  pipecutters ;  must  have  practical 
knowledge  of  standard  valves  and  fittings,  tank,  pump  and 
boiler  connections ;  must  be  capable  of  performing  tests  on  com- 
pleted pipe  work  under  hydrostatic  pressure ;  and  have  knowl- 
edge of  leads  and  acids  used  in  pipe  shop  work ;  understand  use 
of  wrenches,  dies  and  taps. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Average  intelligence  and  strength ;  over  18  years  of  age ;  should 
be  free  from  rheumatism  and  not  subject  to  colds  or  bronchial 
troubles. 

RATE   ESTABLISHED: 


105 


PLANER  OPERATOR 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Planer. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

General  Machinist,     Shaper  Hand,     Slotter  Hand. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

He  must  be  able  to  operate  planers  of  different  makes  and  sizes ; 
familiar  with  placing,  blocking,  bolting,  setting,  and  clamping 
large  or  small,  heavy  or  light  and  springy  parts  for  planing; 
must  be  able  to  work  from  drawings  and  sketches;  figure  the 
necessary  dimensions  and  lay  out  work. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength  and  build. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence ;  good  eyesight. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Must  be  experienced  in  setting  tools,  for  squaring,  under-cut- 
ting, facing  and  fitting;  in  the  use  of  calipers,  micrometers  and 
gauges.  Experience  as  planer  hand  in  railway,  industrial  plant 
or  shipyard  is  desirable. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common  school  education ;  average  strength  and  intelligence ; 
good  eyesight. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


106 


FLANKER— (Wooden  Ships) 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION   IS  KNOWN: 

Trunnel  Borer. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Carpenter,  Farm  Carpenter,  Bridge  Carpenter,  Wooden  Dock 
Builder. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

After  the  frame  of  the  vessel  has  been  placed  and  the  dubbers 
have  smoothed  the  timbers,  the  Flankers  "stick"  the  planks  on 
the  hull  by  boring,  driving  and  wedging  trunnels,  and  later 
fasten  the  planks  with  spikes.  They  also  lay  the  decks,  fasten- 
ing them  with  bolts,  drift  pins  or  screws. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Strength;  ability  to  work  outdoors  in  changing  weather 
conditions. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

The  work  is  usually  done  by  ship  carpenters  and  their  appren- 
tices. Experience  as  a  dock  builder,  bridge  builder  or  on  heavy 
carpenter  work  is  desirable, 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE   ESTABLISHED: 


107 


PLATE  HANGER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Regulator. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Bolter-up,  Holder-on,  Fitter. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Plate  Hanger  places  the  plates  on  the  frames  of  the  ship 
in  their  proper  position,  bringing  the  rivet  or  bolt  holes  in  line 
so  that  the  bolter-up  will  have  little  or  no  difficulty  in  placing 
his  bolts  and  tightening  up. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Strength. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

The  Plate  Hanger  should  understand  the  marking  or  code  sys- 
tem used  in  the  yard.  Experience  as  a  rigger  or  bolter-up 
would  be  beneficial. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Average  strength ;  intelligence ;  over  20  years  of  age. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


108 


PLUMBER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION   IS  KNOWN: 


OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Steamfitter,  Gasfitter,  Pipefitter,  Lead  Calker. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Plumber  fits  and  installs  lead,  brass,  nickel  plated  and  gal- 
vanized pipe  for  water  supply  and  sanitary  systems;  should  be 
able  to  work  from  templates,  drawings  and  sketches. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  trade  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  physical  strength. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Must  be  a  practical  general  plumber,  experienced  in  installing 
water  supply,  sanitary  plumbing  systems  and  appliances,  such 
as  toilets,  sinks,  drains  and  waste  pipes ;  must  be  familiar  with 
general  piping  and  lead  pipe  work,  pipefittings,  calking  joints 
and  making  surface  connections ;  should  have  knowledge  of  hot 
water  and  steam  heating  systems. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Average  intelligence;  strength. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


109 


POWER  HOUSE  ENGINEER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Chief  Engineer. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Plant  Engineer,  Stationary  Engineer,  Machinist,  Locomotive 
Engineer,  Steam  Crane  Operator. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Power  House  Engineer  supervises,  and  in  most  cases  oper- 
ates and  maintains,  the  power  equipment  of  the  plant,  whether 
it  be  electric  or  steam.  In  the  larger  plants,  where  electric 
power  is  used,  he  is  sometimes  assisted  by  an  electrician. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  trade  or  technical  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Higher  than  average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

The  Power  House  Engineer  must  understand  the  installation, 
operation  and  maintenance  of  all  types  of  stationary,  steam 
engines,  turbines,  boilers,  pumps,  condensers,  feed  water  heat- 
ers, air  compressors,  and  methods  of  storage  and  handling  coal. 
He  must  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  operation  and  con- 
trol of  direct  or  alternating  current  generators  of  high  or  low 
tension,  switchboards,  transformers,  with  other  protective  appa- 
ratus, etc.  He  must  be  capable  of  making  tests  of  the  various 
machines  under  his  charge.  He  should  have  had  similar  expe- 
rience as  an  operating  engineer  in  a  similar  power  plant 
elsewhere. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


110 


PUNCH  PRESS  OPERATOR 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION   IS   KNOWN: 

Punchman. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Hydraulic  Press  Operator,  Shearman. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

He  must  understand  the  operation  of  single  or  multiple  punch 
presses. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength,  average  physique. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Must  be  experienced  in  the  operation  of  power  presses,  and 
familiar  with  setting  dies  and  punches,  also  be  able  to  keep 
them  in  condition ;  should  have  had  similar  experience  in 
stamping  works,  hardware,  or  can  manufactory. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common  school  education ;  average  strength  and  physique ; 
average  intelligence. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


111 


REAMER— (Metal) 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 


OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Driller,  Countersinker,  Machinist's  Helper,  Boilermaker's 
Helper. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Reamer  enlarges  the  rivet  or  bolt  holes  where  they  overlap 
slightly,  are  not  perfectly  cylindrical,  or  where  it  is  desired 
to  enlarge  the  diameter  of  the  hole,  so  that  the  rivet  or  bolt 
will  completely  fill  the  hole.  He  operates  a  pneumatic,  steam 
or  electric  portable  drill. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  physical  strength. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

The  Reamer  is  usually  recruited  from  the  machinists'  or  boiler- 
makers'  helpers.  It  takes  from  one  to  two  months  to  learn  how 
to  properly  operate  a  reamer  and  to  set  up  and  clamp  difficult 
work  on  the  ship.  He  must  be  familiar  with  the  different 
reamers  used. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Average  intelligence;  common  school  education;  should  be  over 
18  years  of  age. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


112 


REAMER— (Wood) 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Beedler. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Rough  Carpenter,  Wood  Calker,  Carpenter's  Helper. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Reamer  drives  with  a  beedle,  a  wide  flat  iron  (the  horsing 
iron),  into  the  seams  between  the  planks  in  the  hull  and  on  the 
deck  to  open  them  for  the  entrance  of  the  oakum  filling.  He 
works  chiefly  on  repair  jobs. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Strength. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Any  intelligent  helper  or  laborer  who  has  used  a  hammer  can 
learn  the  details  of  reaming  in  a  short  time;  should  be  experi- 
enced in  working  in  different  postures. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


113 


RIGGER— (Crane) 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS   KNOWN: 

Craneman. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Sailor,  Bridge  Erector,  Steeple  Jack,  Ship  Rigger. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

He  is  a  member  of  the  Craneman's  group.  He  attaches  ropes  or 
chains  to  the  heavy  materials  which  are  to  be  transported,  signals 
the  crane  for  operation  and  directs  same  to  location  desired. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Strength  and  endurance. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Experience  as  a  sailor  or  ship  rigger  is  desirable,  and  experi- 
ence in  the  use  of  tackle  and  derricks  would  be  valuable. 
The  Crane  Rigger  should  have  experience  as  a  bridge  and 
structural  erecting  rigger  familiar  with  handling  beams,  columns, 
girders,  plates,  boilers,  castings,  etc.,  and  should  understand  the 
use  of  traveling  cranes  and  boom  derricks,  electric  or  portable 
hoisting  equipment  used  in  such  work;  must  be  familiar  with 
roping  and  rigging  sheaves,  blocks,  pulleys  and  guying  of  poles, 
booms,  tripods  and  the  running  and  splicing  of  hemp  or  steel 
cables  and  ropes;  must  understand  lashing,  hitching  and  hook- 
ing with  loops,  wire  ropes  or  chains  and  be  able  to  handle  heavy 
pieces  and  raise  or  lower  accurately  any  erecting  work. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Average  intelligence,  strength  and  endurance;  over  20  years 
of  age. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


114 


RIGGER— (Ship) 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION   IS  KNOWN: 

Marine  Rigger. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Sailor,  Crane  Rigger,  Bridge  Rigger. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Ship  Rigger  sews  canvas  coverings  and  splices,  serves  and 
fits  the  wire  and  manila  cable  used  on  the  ship.  He  manufac- 
tures and  installs  the  shrouds,  stays,  lifts,  braces,  life  lines,  and 
other  rigging  fitted  to  the  masts,  spars  and  booms. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Should  be  strong  limbed,  lithe  of  body,  able  to  climb  and  work 
above  ground. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Experience  as  a  sailor  is  useful,  must  know  how  to  cut,  fit, 
splice  wire  and  hemp  rope;  should  know  the  various  slings 
and  holds. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Average  intelligence  and  strength,  ability  to  work  above  ground. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 


115 


RIVETER— (Hand) 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 


OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Pneumatic  Riveter,  Snap  Riveter,  Bull  Riveter. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Hand  Riveter  must  be  able  to  drive  rivets  of  any  size  in 
those  parts  of  the  ship  not  accessible  to  the  pneumatic  riveter. 
He  must  do  water-tight  work,  and  is  often  called  upon  to  calk 
and  chip  his  own  riveting  by  hand. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Strength  and  endurance,  ability  to  work  above  ground. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

The  Hand  Riveter  must  understand  the  use  of  the  tools  used 
in  hand  riveting,  chipping  and  calking;  should  be  experienced 
in  construction  and  repair  work  of  all  kinds  on  plates,  tanks, 
boilers  and  structural  steel  frames.  He  should  likewise  under- 
stand the  heating  and  setting  of  rivets. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Strength ;  preferably  over  20  years  of  age ;  ability  to  work  above 
ground. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


116 


RIVETER— (Pneumatic) 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Rivet  Driver,  Bull  Riveter. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Boilermaker,  Structural  Steel  Worker. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Riveter  drives  rivets  with  an  air-hammer.  He  must  be 
able  to  drive  them  rapidly  and  properly  and  make  them  water- 
tight.   He  should  also  be  able  to  do  hand  riveting. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Physical  strength  and  endurance. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

He  should  be  familiar  with  drilling,  reaming,  bolting,  and  under- 
stand the  care  and  maintenance  of  various  pneumatic  tools. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common  school  education,  average  intelligence. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


117 


RIVET  MAKER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Rivet  Forger. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Bolt  Maker,  Blacksmith's  Helper. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Rivet  Maker  sets  up  and  operates  a  rivet-making  machine, 
which  automatically  forms  the  rivet  head  and  cuts  the  bar  into 
the  proper  lengths. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Experience  as  blacksmith's  helper  or  boltmaker  desirable. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


118 


ROLLER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Bending  Roller. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Machine  Operator  in  fabricating  shop. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Bending  Roller  operates  the  roller  machine,  which  bends 
the  steel  or  iron  plates  passing  through  it  to  the  desired  curve. 
The  rolls  used  for  diagonal  work  are  operated  by  the  more 
experienced  roller  machine  operators. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Strength  and  endurance. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

It  requires  one  to  two  months'  training  to  operate  successfully 
an  ordinary  bending  roller. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


119 


SAIL  MAKER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Canvas  Worker. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Tentmaker,  Tailor,  Awning  Maker. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Sail  Maker  lays  out  and  makes  sails  for  any  kind  of  water 
craft.  He  must  be  capable  of  measuring  and  laying  out  from 
drawings  all  types  of  sails  and  skilled  in  the  sewing  of  the  same 
by  hand  or  machine.  He  should  be  able  to  bind  and  attach  all 
necessary  reefs,  rings,  and  ropes  required  for  the  rigging  of 
sails  on  a  ship,  also  be  able  to  make  awnings,  coverings,  and 
perform  any  other  work  on  canvas  or  other  fabric  coverings. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

He  must  be  familiar  with  all  grades  and  weights  of  canvas  and 
duck ;  capable  of  patching  and  repairing  sails  and  canvas  cover- 
ings of  all  kinds,  also  have  a  general  knowledge  of  ship  rigging. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


120 


SAWYER— (Metal) 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Cold  Sawyer. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Machine  Operator  in  fabricating  shop. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Sawyer  cuts  off  plates,  shapes  and  frames  with  a  cold  circu- 
lar saw. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  physical  strength. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Any  machine  operator  in  fabricating  shop  should  be  capable  in 
a  short  time  of  operating  a  cold  circular  saw. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


121 


SCARFING  MACHINE  OPERATOR 
(Fabricating  Shop) 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 


OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Machine  Operator  in  fabricating  shop, 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Scarfing  Machine  Operator  operates  a  machine  which 
planes  or  trims  the  edges  of  plates  to  the  layout  or  design 
required. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength  and  endurance. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

He  should  have  had  experience  as  a  machine  operator  on  some 
of  the  machines  in  the  fabricating  shop.  It  would  require  about 
one  month  for  a  beginner  to  learn  to  operate  the  machine- 
successfully. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common  school  education ;  average  intelligence,  strength  and 
endurance. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


122 


SHEARMAN 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Shearer. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Punch  Operator,  Press  Operator,  Forging  Machine  Operator. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Shearman  operates  standard  makes  and  types  of  power- 
driven  bar  and  plate-shearing  machines;  must  have  suflicient 
mechanical  knowledge  to  set  and  adjust  blades  and  keep  the 
shearing  machine  in  working  condition. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength;  robust  physique;  good  eyesight. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Must  be  thoroughly  experienced  in  the  operation  of  alligator, 
vertical  or  guillotine  types  of  power  shears,  belt  or  motor- 
driven,  and  in  cutting  and  trimming  .plates  or  bars,  slabs  and 
billets;  must  be  experienced  in  working  on  plates  of  light  or 
heavy  gauge;  should  be  familiar  with  the  use  of  electric  and 
pneumatic  hoists. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


123 


SHEET  METAL  WORKER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Tinsmith. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Coppersmith. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Sheet  Metal  Worker  works  on  sheet  metal,  usually  1/16"  or 
less,  for  any  purpose ;  must  be  able  to  cut,  bend,  flange,  rivet  and 
solder  sheet  iron  or  steel,  sheet  tin  and  galvanized  iron  or  brass, 
aluminum  and  zinc. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

He  must  be  experienced  in  all  kinds  of  work  on  corrugated  iron 
roofs,  walls  and  cornice  work;  should  have  had  experience  on 
light  angles  and  channels ;  also,  in  erecting  ventilating  equip- 
ment and  all  types  of  sheet  metal  work. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common  school  education ;  average  strength. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


124 


SHIP  CARPENTER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Shipwright,  Boat  Builder  (Wood). 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Boat  Builder,  House  Carpenter,  Dock  Builder,  Bridge  Builder, 
Stage  Builder. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

He  must  be  a  skilled  all  around  Ship  Carpenter  and  be 
familiar  with  the  construction  of  the  ship  from  the  laying  of 
the  keel  until  the  vessel  is  finished.  The  work  consists  of 
building  foundations,  erecting  and  truing  the  ways  in  which  the 
ship  is  to  be  constructed,  laying  keel  blocks,  setting  up  shores, 
setting  backings  for  the  riveters,  laying  wooden  decks,  installing 
ceilings,  and  preparing  the  ship  for  launching,  laying  off  and 
installing  deck  fittings,  gun  foundations,  auxiliary  machinery 
foundations,  etc.,  and  keeping  the  ship  fair  upon  the  ways. 
He  should  be  capable  of  bevelling  and  dubbing.  Bevelling  is  the 
matching  of  planking  or  timbers  before  they  are  placed  in  posi- 
tion on  the  ship  by  cutting  such  material  to  the  proper  angle. 
Dubbing  is  the  trimming  done  on  the  planking  or  timbers  after 
they  are  placed  in  position.  This  work  is  done  with  an  adz  or 
pneumatic  trimmer. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Strength  and  endurance,  ability  to  do  overhead  adz  work. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 
EXPERIENCE: 

Must  be  capable  of  keeping  the  various  parts  of  the  ship  lined, 
squared  and  plumb;  must  be  experienced  in  the  use  of  car- 
penters' tools  on  heavy  work ;  also,  in  the  use  of  the  broadaxe  and 
the  adz.  Special  experience  in  dubbing  or  bevelling  is  desirable. 
He  should  be  able  to  read  mechanical  drawings  and  blue  prints. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common  school  education ;  fair  strength ;  average  intelligence ; 
over  20  years  of  age. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 

125 


SHIPFITTER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Fitter-up. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Sheet  Metal  Worker,  Structural  Steel  Worker. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

He  makes  templates  for  plates  and  shapes  which  are  omitted 
or  changed.  He  fits  these  shapes  on  to  the  vessel.  He  fits  all 
metal  parts  on  to  the  hull  of  the  ship  and  marks  off  the  angular 
and  cross  section  plates  so  that  they  may  be  punched  and  shaped. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Strength. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Higher  than  average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

The  Shipfitter  is  a  planner  and  assembler.  He  must  be  experi- 
enced in  framing  and  plate  work,  and  with  the  operation  ot 
a  mold-loft;  should  also  be  experienced  in  reading  mechanical 
drawings  or  blue  prints,  and  in  the  use  of  carpenter's  tools. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common  school  education;  should  be  over  20  years  of  age; 
average  strength;  average  intelligence. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


126 


SPARMAKER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Ship  Carpenter. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 


TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Sparmaker  finishes  and  installs  square,  octagonal  and  round 
spars,  masts,  cargo  booms,  etc.,  and  applies  the  fittings. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength;  ability  to  work  out  of  doors. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

The  Sparmaker  is  a  ship  carpenter  who  specializes  in  spar- 
making. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Average  intelligence  and  strength ;  common  school  education. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


127 


SQUARER— (Wooden  Ships) 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 


OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Ship  Carpenter,  Carpenter,  Farm  Carpenter,  Dock  Builder, 
Bridge  Builder. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

After  the  planks  have  been  fastened  to  the  hull,  the  Squarer 
follows  the  plankers  and  fairs  up  the  surfaces.  He  uses  the 
adz  and  the  broadax  in  "cleaning  up"  the  hull. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Health,  strength,  strong  physique,  ability  to  work  out  of  doors 
in  all  weather  conditions. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Should  have  experience  as  dubber  and  planker. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


128 


STAGE  BUILDER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION   IS   KNOWN: 


OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Ship  Carpenter,  General  Carpenter,  Farm  Carpenter,  Bridge 
Builder,  Dock  Builder. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Stage  Builder  erects  staging  and  scaffolding  necessary  for 
the  construction  of  ships  and  provides  stages  for  the  riveters 
and  holders-on,  and  rigging  for  supporting  holding  on  machines. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Good  health,  strength,  ability  to  work  out  of  doors. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

The  Stage  Builder  is  a  rough  carpenter  who  has  experience  in 
the  use  of  carpenter's  tools  in  heavy  work  and  has  some  experi- 
ence in  the  use  of  the  broadax. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common  school  education;  average  strength;  ordinary 
intelligence. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


129 


STOREKEEPER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Stockkeeper. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Material  Checker. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Storekeeper  supervises  all  materials  and  the  handling  of  in- 
coming and  outgoing  stores,  keeping  a  complete  and  accurate 
record  of  all  transactions  in  accordance  with  the  best  modern 
practice;  must  be  capable  of  allotting  the  storage  space,  distribut- 
ing materials  with  proper  regard  to  demand  and  accessibility; 
clearly  marking  and  labelling  all  bins  and  receptacles  and  be  able 
to  maintain  and  properly  handle  stores;  must  be  familiar  with 
the  names  of  all  parts  kept  in  stock  and  possess  special  knowledge 
of  the  materials  handled. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Higher  than  average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Should  be  familiar  with  the  materials  used  in  the  different 
departments  of  the  shipyard,  keeping  records  of  maximum  and 
minimum,  stock  requirements,  using  requisitions  on  purchasing 
department  and  all  details;  the  keeping  of  stock  books,  store 
ledgers,  orders  and  inventories,  etc. ;  should  have  had  experience 
as  a  storekeeper  in  some  large  establishment. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


130 


STRAPPER— (Wooden  Ships) 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 


OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Ship  Carpenter,  Carpenter,  Farm  Carpenter,  Bridge  Builder, 
Dock  Builder. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Strapper  ties  frames  of  a  vessel  together  by  the  application 
of  steel  or  iron  straps  diagonally  across  the  frames.  These  straps 
are  set  in,  so  that  the  face  of  the  strap  comes  flush  with  the  face 
of  the  frame. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength,  endurance,  agility;  ability  to  work  out  of 
doors. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

The  Strapper  is  usually  a  rough  carpenter  who  can  use  the  ax, 
broadax,  adz  and  hatchet  and  understands  bolting;  should  have 
experience  as  a  ship  carpenter  and  be  able  to  use  the  adz  in  over- 
head work;  also,  be  familiar  with  the  use  of  pneumatic  drills 
and  hammers.     These  tools  are  used  extensively  in  this  work. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


131 


TANK  TESTER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN; 


OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Boilermaker,  Boiler  Inspector,  Tank  Builder,  Steel  Riveter,  Steel 
Chipper  and  Calker. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Tank  Tester  inspects  tanks  for  water  and  oil  tightness.  He 
cuts,  chips,  splits,  files  and  calks  angles,  seams  and  rivets.  He 
tests  by  sounding  v^ith  a  light  hammer  to  detect  looseness  in 
plates  and  uses  a  thin-bladed  knife  called  a  "feeler  knife'*  to  test 
closeness  of  joints,  and  repairs  the  defects  found. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  health  and  strength;  good  hearing  and  eyesight. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

The  Tank  Tester  should  be  an  expert  chipper,  calker  and 
riveter. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common  school  education ;  average  intelligence. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


132 


TOOLMAKER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

]^Iachinist,  Lathe,  Milling  Machine,  Shaper,  or  Grinder  Hand. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

He  must  be  familiar  with  interpreting  intricate  drawings  or 
sketches;  able  to  figure  dimensions  and  work  from  samples 
or  general  instructions;  lay  out  and  make  gauges,  jigs,  tem- 
plates, taps,  dies  and  reamers ;  must  possess  thorough  knowl- 
edge of  clearances  and  temperature  allowances;  be  familiar 
with  materials,  the  annealing  machine,  the  hardening  of  tool  and 
die  steel,  and  case  hardening  of  machine  steel ;  should  be  a  skilled 
operator  of  the  toolroom  lathe,  milling  machine,  .profiler,  shaper, 
drill  press  and  plane,  surface  and  universal  grinders;  must  be 
expert  on  filing,  scraping  and  general  hand  work. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school ;  trade  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength ;  good  eyesight ;  freedom  from  diseases  of  the 
nose,  throat  and  lungs.  ' 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Higher  than  average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

The  Toolmaker  is  usually  recruited  from  the  ranks  of  the 
machinists  and  must  be  thoroughly  experienced  and  expert  in 
making  tools,  gauges  and  fixtures  of  all  kinds;  should  have 
extensive  experience  as  a  toolroom  machinist  in  a  toolshop  or 
toolroom  of  a  modern  shop  or  machinery  manufacturing  plant. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

He  must  be  a  first-class  machinist,  with  a  common  school  or  trade 
school  education,  good  eyesight,  average  health  and  strength; 
able  to  read  blue  prints  and  mechanical  drawings. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 

153 


TOOLSMITH 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Tool  Dresser. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Blacksmith. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Toolsmith  forms,  dresses  and  hardens  cutting  tools  of  all 
kinds,  principally  drills,  chisels,  bars,  cutters,  flue  tools,  calking 
and  beading  tools,  lathe  and  machine  tools  of  all  kinds. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school,  or  none. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength;  good  eyesight. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Higher  than  ordinary  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

The  Toolsmith  is  a  highly  skilled  workman.  He  must  be  experi- 
enced in  shaping  and  hardening  various  kinds  of  high  speed 
steel  and  carbon  steel,  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  heating 
and  tempering  furnaces ;  annealing ;  also  oil  and  water  tempering 
and  air  hardening;  should  have  had  similar  experience  in  a 
machine  shop  and  be  experienced  in  reading  and  interpreting 
blue  prints  and  mechanical  drawings. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Common  school,  trade  school  education;  average  strength  and 
intelligence ;  good  eyesight ;  ability  to  read  mechanical  drawings 
and  blue  prints. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


134 


VARNISHER— (Wood  and  Metal) 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Hardwood  Finisher,  Wood  Polisher. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Painter. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

He  prepares  the  surface  of  the  wood  and  metal  furniture  and 
fittings  used  on  the  ship,  in  the  shop,  or  office,  applying  stain, 
shellac,  varnish  or  other  substance,  using  sandpaper,  steel  wool, 
pumice,  rotten  stone,  etc.,  in  the  process. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  physical  strength ;  freedom  from  bronchial  trouble. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Expert  painter,  familiar  with  the  mixing  of  pigments,  oils, 
dryers,  stains  and  varnishes,  etc. ;  should  know  the  nature  of 
various  woods. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 

Painter. 

RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


135 


WATER  TENDER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

Pumper. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Locomotive  Fireman,  Stationary  Fireman,  Engine  Watchman, 
Locomotive  Hostler. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Water  Tender  controls  the  v^ater  supply  to  the  boilers. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school ;  must  be  able  to  read  and  write.  This  is  required 
by  law  in  some  states. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength ;  good  eyesight  and  hearing.  Men  addicted  to 
the  use  of  liquor  or  drugs  should  not  be  employed. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

He  should  have  experience  as  a  locomotive  or  stationary  fireman, 
with  a  knowledge  of  boiler  room  appliances  and  methods  and 
be  capable  of  taking  charge  of  the  fireroom. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


m 


WELDER— (Electric  Arc) 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 


OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED:  . 

Electric  Spot  Welder,  Thermit  Welder,  Oxy-acetylene  Welder. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Electric  Arc  Welder  fuses  and  builds  up  steel,  cast  iron, 
bronze,  aluminum.  In  welding  with  the  electric  arc  welder,  one 
electrode  is  put  in  contact  with  the  parts  to  be  welded,  while  the 
other  electrode  is  placed  sufficiently  close  to  cause  an  electric 
arc,  and  from  this  the  metal  parts  are  brought  to  a  welding 
temperature.  The  electrode  is  then  slowly  passed  along  until 
the  whole  length  is  welded. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school ;  ability  to  read  blue  prints. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength;  good  eyesight.  (It  is  necessary  to  wear 
goggles  while  welding.) 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Higher  than  average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Experience  in  a  boiler  shop  is  an  asset.  He  should  also  under- 
stand the  fusing  of  metals  and  the  construction,  use  and  care  of 
the  welding  apparatus  and  be  able  to  set  it  up  and  connect  it  to 
service  mains;  should  understand  cleaning,  making  ready  and 
clamping  to  insure  correct  form  and  solid  work. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


137 


WELDER— (Electric  Spot) 

OTHER  NAMES  BY  WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 


OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Oxy-acetylene  Welder  and  Cutter,  Thermit  Welder,  Electric 
Arc  Welder. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Electric  Spot  Welder  fuses  together  sheet  metal  or  plate 
work.  He  accomplishes  what  a  riveter  does.  Pieces  that  are 
to  be  welded  together  are  placed  between  the  electrodes 
of  the  welding  machine.  The  jaws  are  then  clamped  and  the 
current  turned  on.  The  metal  at  the  point  of  contact  comes  to 
a  welding  temperature,  upon  which  the  pieces  of  metal  are 
forced  together,  making  a  weld  at  the  spot;  hence  the  name  of 
spot  welder. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school ;  ability  to  read  blue  prints. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  health ;  strength ;  good  eyesight. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Higher  than  average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Must  be  experienced  in  welding  and  have  knowledge  of 
electric  wiring  and  welder  construction  and  be  able  to  care 
properly  for  the  welding  apparatus ;  should  be  able  to  form,  set 
and  adjust  contacts,  brackets  and  supports  for  any  variety  of 
work  and  fully  understand  rapid  and  correct  methods  of  handling 
to  insure  positive  welding  of  simple  or  intricate  pieces. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


1381 


WELDER— (Oxy-Acetylene) 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 


OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Oxy-acetylene  Burner,  Electric  Welder,  Thermit  Welder. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

He  must  be  thoroughly  familiar  with  the  use  and  operation  of 
autogenous,  gas-cutting  torches,  for  any  class  of  manufacturing, 
repair  demolition  or  wreck-clearing  work,  and  must  fully  under- 
stand transportation  and  setting  up  of  such  apparatus.  He  must 
be  able  to  weld,  patch  or  build  up  steel,  cast  iron,  bronze  and 
aluminum;  should  understand  frame,  tank  and  cylinder  weld- 
ing, also  understand  pre-heating,  blocking  up,  holding  and 
clamping,  in  order  to  maintain  location  and  alignment;  must 
have  a  practical  knowledge  in  cutting  "I"  beams,  channels,  plates 
and  hulls  in  boiler  or  structural  shapes. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  build  and  strength ;  steady  nerve ;  good  eyesight. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Must  be  thoroughly  experienced  in  the  apparatus  and  proc- 
esses employed  and  in  the  planning  and  handling  of  all 
forms  of  gas  welding  for  manufacturing,  shop  or  emergency 
repair  work.  Experience  as  a  boilermaker,  or  boilershop 
worker  is  very  desirable.  In  some  small  plants  the  oxy- 
acetylene  operators  are  recruited  from  the  boilermakers  or 
iron  workers,  in  order  that  they  may  be  utilized  for  other  work 
when  there  is  no  welding  or  cutting  to  be  done.  He  should  also 
be  able  to  do  oxy-acetylene  burning  or  cutting. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE  ESTABLISHED: 

IdP 


WOOD-WORKING  MACHINE  OPERATOR 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION  IS  KNOWN: 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Cabinetmaker,  Carpenter,  Planing  Mill  Worker,  Joiner. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Wood-working  Machine  Operator  operates  the  power-driven 
wood-working  machine  tools  found  in  a  well-equipped  cabinet, 
joiner  or  carpenter  shop.  He  forms  wooden  pieces  according 
to  the  layout  of  the  binder  or  other  standard  templates  and  jigs. 
He  operates  any  of  the  following  machines :  planer,  mortising 
machine,  band,  circular  and  swing  saws,  joiners,  edgers,  simpers, 
molders,  lathes  and  all  other  power-driven,  wood-working 
machine  tools. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  strength;  good  eyesight;  freedom  from  diseases  of  the 
nose,  throat  and  lungs. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

He  must  be  an  experienced  mechanic,  able  to  do  shaping, 
also  adjust  and  operate  wood- working  tools.  It  requires  about 
six  months  to  become  an  expert  in  the  operation  of  wood- 
working machines. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


140 


YARDMASTER 

OTHER  NAMES  BY   WHICH  OCCUPATION   IS   KNOWN: 

Railroad  Yardniaster. 

OCCUPATIONS  MOST  NEARLY  ALLIED: 

Railroad  Conductor,  Railroad  Brakeman,  Switchman. 

TRADE  REQUIREMENTS: 

The  Yardniaster  oversees  the  operation  and  moving  of  locomo- 
tives and  trains  in  the  shipyard;  oversees  the  carrying  and 
handling  of  material  about  the  yard.  He  directs  the  operation 
of  electric  and  steam  locomotives  and  cranes. 

EDUCATION: 

Common  school. 

PHYSICAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

He  must  be  able  to  pass  any  required  examination  on  eyesight, 
and  hearing,  also  color  tests. 

MENTAL  REQUIREMENTS: 

Average  intelligence. 

EXPERIENCE: 

Must  be  familiar  with  signals  and  operating  rules  employed  in 
standard  American  railroad  practice,  also  conversant  with 
safety  rules  and  requirements  employed  in  this  class  of  work. 

ENTRANCE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  TRAINING  SCHOOL: 


RATE  ESTABLISHED: 


141 


GLOSSARY  OF  TERMS  USED  IN 
DESCRIPTION  OF  OCCUPATIONS 


AIRPORT  (Hull  Draftsman) — An  opening  in  the  ship's  side,  house,  or 
cabin  to  admit  light  or  air  (usually  round  in  shape  and  fitted  with 
removable,  swinging  covers  of  heavily  framed  plate  glass). 

ANNEALING  (Diesetfer,  Furnaceman,  Toolsmith) — Process  of  treating 
metal  by  heat,  for  the  purpose  of  softening  it  sufficiently  to  be 
machined  or  worked. 

ANNUNCIATOR  (Electridian) — An  automatic  device  operated  either  by 
electricity  or  compressed  air  for  showing  or  calling  numbers,  names, 
etc.,  at  a  given  signal. 

ANODE  (Electro plater) — In  electroplating,  the  anode  is  the  pole  or  point 
at  which  the  reserve  metal  is  placed  to  be  broken  down  and  thus 
maintain  the  strength  of  the  plating  solution. 

APPLIED  MATHEMATICS  (BoUer  Layout  ilfa«;— Mathematics  as  used 
in  the  practical  work  of  physics,  mechanics,  etc. 

AUTOGENOUS  (Cutter,  Welder) — A  process  of  welding,  cutting  or 
soldering  by  application  of  intense  gaseous  or  electrical  heat. 

AUXILIARY  APPARATUS,  OR  AUXILIARIES  (Engineering  Drafts- 
man, Electrician) — All  winches,  capstans,  pumps,  fans,  generators, 
motors,  small  engines,  and  other  mechanical  equipment  on  shipboard, 
except  the  main  engines  and  boilers. 

BEADING  TOOL  (Toolsmith) — A  tool  for  forming  beads  on  flues;  used 
by  boilermakers. 

BINDER  (Wood-working  Machine  Operator) — ^A  form  of  template  or  pat- 
tern ;  is  generally  in  use  where  a  large  number  of  pieces  are  required 
having  the  same  size  and  design. 

BITL^MINOUS  (Bitumastic  Painter) — Pertaining  to  a  composition  con- 
taining bitumen,  which  is  any  native  mixture  of  hydrocarbons 
saturated  with  oxygen,  especially  asphalt. 

BOILER  STAY  (Boiler  Inspector) — A  rod  or  plate  joining  two  parts  of 
a  steam  boiler  at  an  angle  and  holding  them  in  position. 

BOOM  (Sparmaker) — A  stout  pole  or  spar  pivoted  at  one  end  and  used 
for  hoisting;  or  a  spar  used  to  stretch  the  foot  of  a  fore-and-aft  sail. 

143- 


BRAZING  (Coppersmith) — Process  of  joining  metals  by  the  use  of  a  hard 
solder,  which  is  composed  of  equal  parts  of  zinc  and  brass,  and  which 
is  commercially  known  as  spelter. 

BULKHEAD  (Hull  Draftsman) — A  vertical  partition  in  a  vessel,  corre- 
sponding to  the  partition  walls  in  a  building,  and  used  to  separate 
parts  of  the  hold  into  watertight  compartments.  Bulkheads  running 
athwartships  are  called  "transverse";  those  running  fore  and  aft  are 
called  "longitudinal." 

BULKHEAD  STAPLES  ( Angle  smith  )—Co\\2irs,  forged  from  angle  bars, 
to  fit  around  continuous  members,  passing  through  bulkheads  and 
making  them  watertight. 

CALK  (Calker) — To  make  seams  and  joints  watertight  or  oiltight;  in 
wooden  ships  by  use  of  oakum;  in  steel  ships  by  battering  down  the 
rivets,  or  edges  of  plate. 

CHANNEL  BEAMS  (Sheet  Metal  Worker )—S\.tt\  girders  which  in  cross- 
section  would  appear  as  an  'T"  beam  with  flanges  on  one  side  only. 

CORE  (Coremaker) — A  solid  form,  placed  in  a  mold,  about  which  molten 
metal  is  poured  to  provide  the  necessary  open  spaces  in  a  casting. 

CRIBBING  (Millwright — General) — Foundation  work  usually  built  up  of 
alternate  layers  of  timbers  and  boards  laid  at  right  angles  to  one 
another. 

DOLLY  BAR  (Holder-on) — A  short  bar  of  heavy  steel  to  hold  against  a 
rivet  to  give  backing  when  riveting. 

DRIFT-PIN  (Bolter-up) — A  piece  of  round  tapered  steel  used  for  drawing 
adjoining  parts  on  steel  ships  so  that  rivet  holes  come  fair;  used  on 
wooden  ships  for  backing  out  bolts  or  treenails. 

DUB  (Ship  Carpenter) — To  dress  or  smooth  wood  surfaces  anywhere  on 
the  ship  by  means  of  an  adz ;  to  cut  fair  with  an  adz. 

ELECTRODE  (Welder— Electric  Arc  and  Electric  Spot)—E\thQr  of  the 
two  poles  of  an  electric  welding  outfit;  that  portion  which  comes  in 
contact  with  the  metal  to  be  welded. 

FABRICATOR  (Mold  Loftsman) — One  who  combines  the  parts  or  ele- 
ments of  a  steel  ship;  an  assembler. 

FAIR  (Squarer) — To  make  smooth,  removing  any  irregularity. 

FLUE  TOOLS  (Toolsmith) — Tools  used  in  the  installation  or  maintenance 
of  boiler  flues — as  beading  tools,  calking  tools,  etc. 

FLUX  (Cupola  Tender)— Any  alkali  or  other  substance  used  to  aid  the 
fusion  of  minerals  or  metals. 

GANTRY  (Crane  Operator) — The  frame  of  a  traveling  crane;  the  crane 

and  framework  as  a  whole. 
144. 


GASKET  (Pipefitter) — A  ring-shaped  packing-piece  of  leather,  rubber, 
canvas,  metal,  composition,  or  other  substance  used  between  surfaces 
to  render  joints  water-tight. 

GUILLOTINE  POWER  SHEARS  (Shearman)— A  machine  which  oper- 
ates on  a  principle  similar  to  the  old  French  guillotine  and  used  in 
the  plate  shop  in  shearing  or  cutting  off  plates. 

GUY  (Rigger — Crane) — To  support,  temporarily  or  permanently,  masts, 
frames,  etc.,  by  means  of  rope,  wire,  or  sometimes  poles. 

HANGER  (Millwright) — The  frame  which  holds  the  bearings  for  a  shaft. 

HEAT  TREATMENT  (Blacksmith)— A  process  of  securing  the  desired, 
hardness  of  steel  by  means  of  heating  and  cooling. 

HYDROSTATICS  (Naval  Architect)— The  science  which  treats  of  the 
equilibrium  and  compressibility  of  water,  mercury,  and  similar 
liquids. 

"I"  BEAM  (Welder) — A  steel  girder,  the  cross-section  of  which  is  the 
shape  of  a  capital  "I." 

JIG  (Wood-working  Machine  Operator) — A  device  for  holding  materials 
in  position  and  guiding  tools  to  insure  duplication  of  pattern. 

LAGGING  APPLIER  (Pipe  Coverer) — One  who  places  a  non-heat-con- 
ducting substance  on  boilers,  etc. 

LAYOUT  (Mold  Loftsman,  Wood-zvorking  Machine  Operator) — General 
arrangements;  the  plan  or  method  of  procedure. 

LAYS  OUT  (Boiler  Layout  Man,  Sail  Maker) — Drawing  a  design  on  the 
material  which  is  to  be  cut  or  worked  or  from  which  a  template  is 
to  be  made. 

LIFTS  (Rigger) — Rope  supports  extending  from  a  mast  head  to  the  end 
of  a  yard  arm;  a  mechanical  hoisting  apparatus. 

LOCOMOTIVE  HOSTLER  (Engineer — Locomotive) — A  man  who  cares 
for  locomotives  between  trips  and  prepares  them  for  their  succeed- 
ing trips. 

MICROMETER  (Planer  Operator) — Caliper  or  gauge  equipped  with  a 
micrometer  screw  and  used  for  making  fine  measurements — Viooo" 
or  less. 

MOLD  (Loam  Mixer,  Coremakcr) — The  mold  results  from  extracting  the 
pattern  from  the  sand  and  placing  the  core.  In  the  open  space 
between  core  and  mold  the  molten  metal  is  poured,  which,  when  cool 
and  cleaned,  results  in  the  finished  casting. 

MOLD  LOFT  (Mold  Loftsman,  Shipfitter)-^A  shed  or  building  with  large, 
smooth  floor,  on  which  the  lines  of  a  ship  are  drawn  to  full  scale  for 
the-purpose  of  making  templates. 

145 


OAKUM  (Calker — Wood) — Tarred  strands  of  old  hemp,  manila,  or  jute 
rope,  or  other  soft  vegetable  fiber  finely  combed  out  and  loosely 
spun  into  strands  used  in  calking  seams. 

OXY-ACETYLENE  (Cutter,  Welder) — A  term  applied  to  an  acetylene  gas 
flame  which  is  brought  to  intense  heat  by  the  injection  of  oxygen 
under  pressure  and  which  is  used  in  a  blowpipe,  torch,  or  other 
burner. 

PNEUMATIC  HAMMER  (Riveter)— K  hammer  operated  by  compressed 
air. 

PONTOON  (Boat  Builder— Steel)— A  form  of  float  built  of  wood  or  of 
airtight  metal  cylinders. 

PROFILER  (Diesinker) — A  machine  for  working  wood  or  metal  down  to 
a  given  outline. 

REEF  (Sailmaker) — The  part  of  a  sail  which  is  wrapped  up  and  secured 
to  a  yard  or  boom. 

RIGGING  (Sailmaker) — The  entire  cordage  system  of  a  vessel  divided  into 
running  rigging  (which  comprises  the  ropes  which  move  and  control 
the  sails,  yards,  etc.),  and  standing  rigging  (which  comprises  the 
ropes  which  are  practically  permanent  or  immovable,  such  as  shrouds, 
stays,  etc.) 

RUDDER  (Hull  Draftsman) — A  large,  flat,  variously  shaped  piece  of  wood 
or  metal  hinged  to  the  stern-post  of  a  vessel  and  used  to  direct  the 
ship's  course. 

SHAPES  (Frame  Bender) — Steel,  or  iron  angles  or  plates  which  have 
been  bent  or  molded  into  the  proper  design  for  use  in  ship 
construction. 

SHEAVE  (Rigger — Crane) — A  grooved  pulley-wheel;  a  pulley-wheel  and 
its  block. 

SHROUDS  (Rigger — Ship) — Stays  used  to  brace  topmasts,  bowsprits  and 
the  like;  one  of  a  pair  of  stay  ropes  or  cables  which  give  lateral 
strength  to  masts  and  serve  as  a  means  of  ascent. 

STAYS  (Rigger — Ship) — Ropes  or  their  equivalent  used  to  stiffen  or  steady 
masts,  smoke-stacks,  etc.     (See  Boiler-stay.) 

STEAM  TURBINE  (Engineering  Draftsman) — A  rotary  motor  operating 
on  a  spindle  in  a  casing,  provided  with  openings  for  the  admission 
and  escape  of  the  steam  which  propels  it. 

STERN  YRKME  (Hull  Draftsman)— In  a  wood  ship,  the  timbers  at  the 
after  end  of  a  ship  consisting  of  the  stern-post,  transom,  fashion 
pieces,  rudder-post,  etc.  In  a  steel  ship,  the  large  casting  attached 
to  the  after  end  of  the  keel  to  form  the  ship's  stern.  It  includes 
rudder-post,  propeller-post,  and  in  single  screw  ships,  the  aperture 
for  the  propeller. 

146 


SWEEP  (Moldcr) — In  foundry  practice,  a  profile  pattern  used  especially 
in  forming  molds  for  cylindrical  or  other  symmetrical  articles. 

TAP  (Pipefitter,  Driller) — To  cut  internal  screw  threads ;  also  the  tool  for 
cutting  such  threads. 

TECHNIQUE  (Boat  Builder—Steel)— The  details  of  mechanical 
performance. 

TEMPERING  (Toolsmith) — Hardening  metal  by  heating  to  the  proper 
temperature,  and  then  plunging  into  either  water  or  oil. 

TEMPLATE  (Toolmaker,  ShipHtter,  Plumber,  Hammersmith,  Mold  Lofts- 
man) — Full-sized  pattern  of  any  ship  part,  or  other  object  which  is 
to  be  reproduced;  it  is  made  of  metal,  wood,  wire,  or  heavy  paper. 
A  mold. 

TRU'NNEL  (Planker) — Same  as  treenail — A  slender  piece  of  hard  wood 
used  in  fastening  together  timbers;  any  wooden  pin. 

TUBE  SETTING  (Boilermaker) — The  insertion  of  boiler  tubes  into  the 
boiler  plates. 

WELDING  (Cutter,  Wilder) — To  unite  two  pieces  of  metal  by  means  of 
intense  heat. 


147 


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VC169832 


